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BioMed 1110 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Carbon containing molecules

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2
Q

How many bonds does Carbon (C) always form? How many electrons does it have in its valence shell?

A 
4 bonds (single, double or triple covalent bonds)
it has 4 electrons available in its valence shell
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3
Q

What substances contain Carbon (C) in the human body?

A 
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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4
Q

What types of covalent bonds are commonly found in organc molecules?

A

Single and Double

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5
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same number of atoms of each element but in different arrangements

EX: Glucose and Fructose (C6H12O6)

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6
Q

What elements most commonly make isomers in nature?

A 
Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Sulfur (S) 
Hydrogen (H)
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7
Q

Are isomers common outside of common based compounds?

A

No

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8
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

R-OH

Found in Alcohols

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9
Q

Properties of Alcohols

A

Contain a Hydroxyl Group (R-OH)

polar and hydrophilic due to its electronegative O atom.

Molecules with many -OH groups dissolve easily in water.

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10
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

O
R-C-OH with a O double bonded to the C

Or
O
R-C-O(negative charge) with a O double bonded to the C

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11
Q

Properties of Carboxyls

A

Contain a Carboxyl group at the end of the Carbon (C) skeleton

All amino acids have a -COOH group at one end

Negatively charged form predominates at the pH of body cells and is hydrophilic

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12
Q

Phosphate Group

A

O
R-O-P-O (neg)
O(neg)
with the O double bonded to the P above and single bonded below

(-PO4)2neg

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13
Q

Properties of Phosphates

A

Contain a Phosphate group (-PO4)2neg

Very hydrophilic, due to it’s two negative charges

Important in ATP

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14
Q

Amino Group

A

H
R-N
H

NH2

or
H
R-N-H
H

NH3(+)

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15
Q

Properties of Aminos

A

have an NH2

Can act as a base and can pick up a hydrogen ion giving the amino a positive charge

At the pH of body fluids, most amino groups have a charge of +1

All amino acids must have an amino group at one end

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16
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

R-SH

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17
Q

Properties of Thiols

A

contain a R-SH

Which is polar and hydrophilic due to the electronegativity of the S atom.

Certain amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, contain -SH groups, which help stabilize the shape of proteins.

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18
Q

Ester group

A

O

R-C-O-R, the O is double bonded to the C

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19
Q

Properties of Esters

A

predominant in dietary fats and oils and occur in our body triglycerides

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20
Q

Common Functional groups in Carbon containing molecules

7 of them

A 
Ester
Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
Carbonyl
Sulfhydryl
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21
Q

What two functional groups from hydrogen bonds readily?

A

Hydroxyl and Sulfhydryl

Form H bonds with O,S, and N

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22
Q

How is an Ester functional group formed?

A

From a reaction of acid and alcohol

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23
Q

Where are Esters found?

A

Fats
Oils
Acteylcholine

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24
Q

What it the importance of the Hydroxyl group?

A

makes organic molecules water soluble

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25
Q

Where are Hydroxyl groups found?

A

Alcohols and sugars

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26
Q

What two functional groups are part of Amino Acids?

A

Carboxyl

Amino

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27
Q

What is the importance of the Phosphate functional group?

A

It is found in the energy storing molecules (ATP) and in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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28
Q

When are ketones formed?

A

When fats are broken down

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29
Q

What are the four main kinds of biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipids (fats)
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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30
Q

Carbohydrates

A

watered carbons

Always in this formula: CxH2x0x

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31
Q

Lipids (Fats)

A

More Carbon than Oxygen

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32
Q

Proteins

A

Made up of amino acids

always contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a Amnie (NH2)

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33
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Sugar backbone plus a nitrogenous base with one or two ring

not an important part of most foods

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34
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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35
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribose Nucleic Acid

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36
Q

Monomer

A

One unit

Building block

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37
Q

Polymer

A

Many units

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38
Q

What is a carbohydrate monomer?

A

A simple sugar,monosaccharide

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39
Q

What is a amino acid monomer?

A

a protein

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40
Q

Can we digest nutrients as polymers?

A

No they must be broken down into monomers

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41
Q

What is a monomer of a nucleotide?

A

A nucleic acid

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42
Q

T/F: Polymers can be in a string or branched configuration?

A

True

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43
Q

What are some polymers of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars
Starches
Glycogen

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44
Q

How do carbohydrate rings join together?

A

dehydration synthesis

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45
Q

What is a pentose?

A

A five carbon sugar ring

Ribose
deoxyribose

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46
Q

What is a hexose?

A

A six carbon sugar ring

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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47
Q

What do ribose polymers make up?

A

The backbone of RNA

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48
Q

What do Deoxyribose polymers make?

A

The backbone of DNA

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49
Q

What gives Deoxyribose it’s name?

A

the lack of an oxygen

De-Oxy…

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50
Q

What rule does deoxyribose violate?

A

The CxH2xOx rule

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51
Q

Glucose facts

A

Monosaccharide
The major sugar found in the blood
Cells prefer it

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52
Q

Fructose facts

A

Monosaccharide
Fruit sugar
Is converted to glucose for use by the cells

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53
Q

Galactose facts

A

Monosaccaride
Found in dairy products and sugar beets
Combined with glucose to for lactose

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54
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

the combination of two monosaccharides with the formation of a water molecule

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55
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the breaking apart of two sugar molecules with the addition of a water molecule

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56
Q

Cellulose

A 
Found in plants
Long strings of monomers
make up the cell walls
non digestible
Fiber (aids the movement of food through the intestines)
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57
Q

Starches

A

Found in plants
lone strings of monomers
storage form of glucose
major source of carbohydrates in the diet

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58
Q

What is the most important polysaccharide in the human body?

A

Glycogen

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59
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

The liver and muscles

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60
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

They are a combination of sugars and lipids

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61
Q

Why are carbohydrates important?

A

They are widely available and have exceptional utility

Energy yielding for nutrients
Building materials
Water soluble molecules

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62
Q

T/F: Carbohydrates can be used for energy under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

A

True

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63
Q

What percentage of the diet should carbohydrates make up of the diet?

A

67%

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64
Q

How do fatty acids attach to a glycerol backbone?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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65
Q

Peptide bonds

A

formed between a C and N
how polymers of amino acids are formed
dehydration synthesis between carboxyl and amino groups

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66
Q

Properties of Lipids

A

Made up of C, H and O
In different proportions then carbohydrates
Tend to repel water (hydrophobic)
used to build cell membranes

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67
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major component of cell membranes

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68
Q

What are examples of steroids?

A 
Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vitamin D
Adrenocortical hormones
sex hormones
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69
Q

Cholesterol

A

Minor component of all animal cell membranes

precursor of bile salts, vitamin D and steroid hormones

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70
Q

Bile salts

A

Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

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71
Q

Vitamin D

A

Helps regulate calcium levels (Vit D milk), needed for bone growth and repair

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72
Q

Adrenocortical Hormones

A

Help to regulate metabolism
resistance to stress
salt/water balance

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73
Q

Sex hormones

A

stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics

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74
Q

What other lipids are important?

A

Carotenes
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Lipoproteins

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75
Q

Carotenes

A

Needed for the synthesis of Vitamin A
(which is Used to make visual pigments in the eyes)
Function as an antioxidant

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76
Q

Vitamin E

A

Promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system
functions as an antioxidant

77
Q

Vitamin K

A

Required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins

78
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport lipids in the blood
Transport triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues
removes excess cholesterol from the blood

79
Q

What are lipids?

A

hydrophobic substances (water insoluble) that have several important biological functions

Made of long chains of C and H

80
Q

What are 4 broad categories of lipids?

A

Simple lipids
Compound lipids
Steroids
Misc

81
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

When all the C atoms are filled up with H atoms

solid at room temperature

82
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

When double bonds are formed between the C atoms and less Hydrogens can attach.

The double bonded carbon puts a kink into the regular pattern of the carbon backbone.

83
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Have many kinks

liquid at room temperature

84
Q

Triglycerides

A

three fatty acids added to a molecule of glycerol through dehydration synthesis

85
Q

Formation of phospholipids

A

When 2 fatty acid tails are joined by a glycerol molecule to a phosphate containing “head group”

Make up cell membranes

86
Q

Steroids

A

a major category of four ring structures

87
Q

Cholesterol

A

The basis for the steroid class of lipids

Can’t live without it
essential component of the cell membrane (has a role in regulating the fluidity of cell membranes)
Used as a precursor for the synthesis of many other lipids
Steroid hormones based on the cholesterol molecule

88
Q

Vitamin D

A

A steroid vitamin which is essential for bone growth and repair

89
Q

Cortisol

A

An adrenocortical hormone released in times of stress

90
Q

Eicosanoids

A

local acting hormones

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

Lipids derived from arachidonic acids

Key chemicals in immune defense and inflammation

91
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Contribute to pain & inflammation associated with the immune response

92
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Contribute to inflammation associated with asthma

93
Q

What are the fat soluble Vitamins

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

94
Q

What is Vitamin A is synthesized from?

A

Carotenes

found in foods that are rich in carotenes that are yellow or orange in color (squash and tomatoes)

95
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A

Thought to protect cells from free radicals and damage

96
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Lipid carriers in the blood

97
Q

What form of cholesterol is referred to as the high protein protein?

A

high density lipoprotein
has the highest protein content and the lowest lipid content

Increased by exercise

98
Q

What is the monomer that makes up proteins?

A

An amino acid

99
Q

Polypeptides

A

strings of amino acids

100
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

101
Q

Protein

A

A polymer of amino acids

102
Q

How are the polymers of amino acids joined to make proteins?

A

dehydration synthesis

103
Q

What is the basic structure of an amino acid?

A

2 Carbons and a Nitrogen for the backbone (or the amino group)

Amino functional group on one end and a carboxyl functional group on the other end.

104
Q

Peptides bonds

A

dehydration synthesis that binds amino acids

105
Q

dipeptide

A

two amino acids joined together by a single peptide bond

106
Q

polypeptide

A

more than tow amino acids joined together by multiple peptide bonds.

107
Q

tripeptide

A

three amino acids joined together by 2 peptide bonds

108
Q

Peptides & proteases

A

break peptide bonds through hydrolysis

109
Q

Ribosome

A

Where proteins are synthesized in the cell.

110
Q

the ending -ase means what?

A

that the substance is an enzyme

111
Q

What is the difference between the different amino acids?

A

The “R” group differs

which changes their chemical properties

112
Q

Glycine (G) (Gly)

A

Simplest amino acid

113
Q

Methionine (M) (Met)

A

Always the first amino acid made when creating a new protein

114
Q

Cysteine (C) (Cys)

A

Has one sulfahydryl group

115
Q

Tyrosine (Y) (Tyr)

A

Associated with the thyroid

116
Q

Polar charged Amino acids–Acids

A

Donates a H+ ion

117
Q

Polar charged amino acids– Bases

A

Accepts H+ ions

118
Q

Polar uncharged amino acids

A

hydrophilic R-groups tend to have a partial positive or negative charge, which allows them to participate in chemical reactions, form hydrogen bonds and associate with water
don’t share equally
associate with H2O

119
Q

Nonpolar Amino acids

A

Hydrophobic R-Groups consist almost entirely of C and H atoms
Want to associate with other hydrophobic G-groups or lipids

120
Q

Primary level of protein structure

A

the sequence of amino acids

121
Q

Secondary level of protein structure

A

hot the amino acid sequence is folded
held together by H bonds
alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

122
Q

tertiary level of protein structure

A

how the helices or sheets are arranged in 3D

Denatured at this stage if something goes wrong

123
Q

Quarternary leven of protein structure

A

the arrangement of the 3D structures into whole proteins

124
Q

If something goes wrong in the primary stage of protein sequencing this can happen

A

Cystic Fibrosis

125
Q

If something goes wrong in the secondary stage of protein sequencing this can happen:

A

Sickle cell anemia

126
Q

Organic chemistry is the study of which element?

er1

A

Carbon (C)

127
Q

The molecular formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose is C6H12O6. Because they all have different molecular structures they are called______________.

er2

A

Isomers

128
Q

Carbon is unique because it can form a wide variety of compounds. The reason for this is due to carbon’s ability to form ___________ bonds.

er3

A

many, covalent, 4 covalent

129
Q

What is the name of the functional group R-OH?

er4

A

Hydroxyl group

130
Q

What is the name of the functional group R-SH?

er5

A

Sulfhydryl

131
Q

What is the name of the functional group with the formula (-PO4)^2-?

er6

A

Phosphate

132
Q

An inorganic molecule with a carbon/water ratio of 1:1 is a __________.

er7

A

Carbohydrate

think: Watered Carbon

133
Q

Which of the nutrients is water insoluble because it has more carbon than oxygen atoms?

er8

A

lipid

134
Q

Multiple amino acids connected with peptide bonds are called a ___________.

er9

A

Protein

135
Q

Monomers are best defined as: ____________.

er10

A

building blocks

136
Q

What are the monomers of polysaccharides?

er11

A

monosaccharides

137
Q

What would be the molecular formula of the monosaccharide containing 5 carbons?

er12

A

C5H10O5

remember: CxH2xOx

138
Q

To be considered a triglyceride there must be a glycerol backbone and ___________.

er13

A

3 fatty acid tails

139
Q

A nutrient monomer with the molecular formula: (CH)3(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH is likely a _________.

er14

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

140
Q

A nutrient with an amino, carboxyl and a R group is called a/an__________.

er15

A

Amino Acid

141
Q

Polymers are biological molecules that have many ________ hooked together.

er16

A

monomers

142
Q

Because they are monosaccharides containing 5 carbons,ribose and deoxyribose are _________.

er17

A

pentoses

143
Q

A polymer of nucleotides is a ________.

er18

A

nucleic acid

144
Q

A compound that contains three or more monosaccharides is a/an _________.

er19

A

polysaccharides

145
Q

Digestible,stored polysaccharide in plants is ________.

er20

A

starch

146
Q

What is the name of the anabolic reaction that connects nutrient monomers to form polymers?

er21

A

Dehydration synthesis

147
Q

ABO blood groups are characterized by different _________ on the cells surface

er22

A

glycolipids, carbohydrates attached to the lipids

148
Q

Cellulose is found in plant cell walls, but cannot be __________ by humans.

er23

A

digested

149
Q

Two amino acids that have been combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction is called a _________.

er24

A

dipeptide

150
Q

Sucrose is split into glucose and fructose by the enzyme sucrase. This would be an example of a catabolic reaction known as _________.

er25

A

hydrolysis

151
Q

A disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules is _________.

er26

A

maltose

152
Q

Which lipid is a major component of all cell membranes?

er28

A

phospholipids

153
Q

Water insoluble triglycerides and cholesterol are transported in the blood by _________.

er29

A

lipoproteins

154
Q

T/F: To produce energy, carbohydrates can be used both aerobically and anaerobically.

er30

A

True

155
Q

A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds between its carbon atoms are said to be _________.

er31

A

saturated

156
Q

Define amphipathic

er32

A

a molecule with a polar (phosphate) head with nonpolar tails (fatty acid)

Phospholipids

157
Q

In cell membranes the phospholipid heads are found facing ________.

er33

A

out/ toward either the intracellular or extra cellular fluids.

158
Q

Testosterone and estriol are synthesized from which lipid molecule?

er34

A

cholesterol

159
Q

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are 20 carbon chains formed from arachadonic acid. They are included in a group of molecules called ______.

er35

A

eicosanoids

160
Q

Prostaglandins function as _______.

er36

A

local hormones, steroids

161
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins (4)

er37

A

A, D, E, and K

162
Q

Which of the lipoproteins has the highest protein content?

er38

A

HDL

High density Lipoprotein

163
Q

What ion attaches to tyrosine to make thyroxin (T4), a thyroid hormone?

er39

A

iodide, the iodine ion

164
Q

There are several levels of organization of protein molecules. The linear sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds in the __________ structure.

er40

A

primary structure

165
Q

The simplest amino acid is glycine because it only has a ________ as its side chain.

er41

A

H,Hydrogen

166
Q

Hydrogen bonds form the _________ structure of proteins.

er42

A

secondary

167
Q

A protein that has been denatured is said to have lost its __________.

er43

A

2, 3, 4 degree structure

168
Q

What level of organization can be denatured?

er44

A

tertiary

169
Q

What is the function of regulatory proteins?

er45

A

they function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes

170
Q

Actin and myosin proteins in muscle function as __________ proteins.

er46

A

contractile

171
Q

In DNA, what holds the strands of the double helix together?

er47

A

Hydrogen bonds

172
Q

A protein which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not itself consumed is a _________.

er48

A

catalyst

173
Q

A substrate plus “-ase” is the common method for naming ___________.

er49

A

enzymes

174
Q

What is the function of RNA?

er50

A

temporary storage and manipulation of genetic information

175
Q

In DNA, the base uracil in RNA is replaced by ____________.

er51

A

Thymine

176
Q

In the DNA double helix, thymine is paired with __________.

er52

A

Adenine

177
Q

What is the function of ATP?

er53

A

It is the energy unit of the cell

178
Q

Electrical cellular energy wold be most likely found in a _____________ impulse.

er54

A

nerve/neuron

179
Q

Mechanical cellular energy would be represented by ___________ ____________.

er55

A

muscle contractions

180
Q

Vitamina and minerals increase the speed of chemical reactions by acting as _________.

er56

A

catalysts

181
Q

Vitamins _______ and _________ are water soluble.

er57

A

B and C

182
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) is required for _________.

er58

A

vision

183
Q

Vitamin D is required for proper formation of ______.

er59

A

bones

184
Q

Vitamin K is required for proper formation of ______.

er60

A

blood clots

185
Q

Vitamin C is needed for the formation of _______.

er61

A

collagen

186
Q

Folic acid is needed for proper development of the __________.

er62

A

nervous system/ neural tube/ spinal cord of a fetus as well as the normal formation of blood cells through out life.

187
Q

Chromium deficiency interferes with _________.

er63

A

the signaling of the hormone insulin

188
Q

Iron deficiency interferes with _________.

er64

A

hemoglobin, oxygen carrying,contributes to anemia

189
Q

Iodine deficiency interferes with __________.

er65

A

thyroid function

BioMed 1110 (3 decks)

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