Module 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Organic Molecules
A
Carbon containing molecules
2
Q
How many bonds does Carbon (C) always form? How many electrons does it have in its valence shell?
A
4 bonds (single, double or triple covalent bonds) it has 4 electrons available in its valence shell
3
Q
What substances contain Carbon (C) in the human body?
A
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
4
Q
What types of covalent bonds are commonly found in organc molecules?
A
Single and Double
5
Q
Isomers
A
Molecules that have the same number of atoms of each element but in different arrangements
EX: Glucose and Fructose (C6H12O6)
6
Q
What elements most commonly make isomers in nature?
A
Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Sulfur (S) Hydrogen (H)
7
Q
Are isomers common outside of common based compounds?
A
No
8
Q
Hydroxyl Group
A
R-OH
Found in Alcohols
9
Q
Properties of Alcohols
A
Contain a Hydroxyl Group (R-OH)
polar and hydrophilic due to its electronegative O atom.
Molecules with many -OH groups dissolve easily in water.
10
Q
Carboxyl Group
A
O
R-C-OH with a O double bonded to the C
Or
O
R-C-O(negative charge) with a O double bonded to the C
11
Q
Properties of Carboxyls
A
Contain a Carboxyl group at the end of the Carbon (C) skeleton
All amino acids have a -COOH group at one end
Negatively charged form predominates at the pH of body cells and is hydrophilic
12
Q
Phosphate Group
A
O
R-O-P-O (neg)
O(neg)
with the O double bonded to the P above and single bonded below
(-PO4)2neg
13
Q
Properties of Phosphates
A
Contain a Phosphate group (-PO4)2neg
Very hydrophilic, due to it’s two negative charges
Important in ATP
14
Q
Amino Group
A
H
R-N
H
NH2
or
H
R-N-H
H
NH3(+)
15
Q
Properties of Aminos
A
have an NH2
Can act as a base and can pick up a hydrogen ion giving the amino a positive charge
At the pH of body fluids, most amino groups have a charge of +1
All amino acids must have an amino group at one end
16
Q
Sulfhydryl group
A
R-SH
17
Q
Properties of Thiols
A
contain a R-SH
Which is polar and hydrophilic due to the electronegativity of the S atom.
Certain amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, contain -SH groups, which help stabilize the shape of proteins.
18
Q
Ester group
A
O
R-C-O-R, the O is double bonded to the C
19
Q
Properties of Esters
A
predominant in dietary fats and oils and occur in our body triglycerides
20
Q
Common Functional groups in Carbon containing molecules
7 of them
A
Ester Hydroxyl Carboxyl Amino Phosphate Carbonyl Sulfhydryl
21
Q
What two functional groups from hydrogen bonds readily?
A
Hydroxyl and Sulfhydryl
Form H bonds with O,S, and N
22
Q
How is an Ester functional group formed?
A
From a reaction of acid and alcohol
23
Q
Where are Esters found?
A
Fats
Oils
Acteylcholine
24
Q
What it the importance of the Hydroxyl group?
A
makes organic molecules water soluble
25
Where are Hydroxyl groups found?
Alcohols and sugars
26
What two functional groups are part of Amino Acids?
Carboxyl
| Amino
27
What is the importance of the Phosphate functional group?
It is found in the energy storing molecules (ATP) and in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
28
When are ketones formed?
When fats are broken down
29
What are the four main kinds of biological molecules?
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipids (fats)
Proteins
Nucleic acids
30
Carbohydrates
watered carbons
| Always in this formula: CxH2x0x
31
Lipids (Fats)
More Carbon than Oxygen
32
Proteins
Made up of amino acids
always contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a Amnie (NH2)
33
Nucleic Acids
Sugar backbone plus a nitrogenous base with one or two ring
not an important part of most foods
34
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
35
What does RNA stand for?
Ribose Nucleic Acid
36
Monomer
One unit
Building block
37
Polymer
Many units
38
What is a carbohydrate monomer?
A simple sugar,monosaccharide
39
What is a amino acid monomer?
a protein
40
Can we digest nutrients as polymers?
No they must be broken down into monomers
41
What is a monomer of a nucleotide?
A nucleic acid
42
T/F: Polymers can be in a string or branched configuration?
True
43
What are some polymers of carbohydrates?
Sugars
Starches
Glycogen
44
How do carbohydrate rings join together?
dehydration synthesis
45
What is a pentose?
A five carbon sugar ring
Ribose
deoxyribose
46
What is a hexose?
A six carbon sugar ring
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
47
What do ribose polymers make up?
The backbone of RNA
48
What do Deoxyribose polymers make?
The backbone of DNA
49
What gives Deoxyribose it's name?
the lack of an oxygen
De-Oxy...
50
What rule does deoxyribose violate?
The CxH2xOx rule
51
Glucose facts
Monosaccharide
The major sugar found in the blood
Cells prefer it
52
Fructose facts
Monosaccharide
Fruit sugar
Is converted to glucose for use by the cells
53
Galactose facts
Monosaccaride
Found in dairy products and sugar beets
Combined with glucose to for lactose
54
Dehydration synthesis
the combination of two monosaccharides with the formation of a water molecule
55
Hydrolysis
the breaking apart of two sugar molecules with the addition of a water molecule
56
Cellulose
```
Found in plants
Long strings of monomers
make up the cell walls
non digestible
Fiber (aids the movement of food through the intestines)
```
57
Starches
Found in plants
lone strings of monomers
storage form of glucose
major source of carbohydrates in the diet
58
What is the most important polysaccharide in the human body?
Glycogen
59
Where is glycogen stored?
The liver and muscles
60
What are glycolipids?
They are a combination of sugars and lipids
61
Why are carbohydrates important?
They are widely available and have exceptional utility
Energy yielding for nutrients
Building materials
Water soluble molecules
62
T/F: Carbohydrates can be used for energy under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
True
63
What percentage of the diet should carbohydrates make up of the diet?
67%
64
How do fatty acids attach to a glycerol backbone?
Dehydration synthesis
65
Peptide bonds
formed between a C and N
how polymers of amino acids are formed
dehydration synthesis between carboxyl and amino groups
66
Properties of Lipids
Made up of C, H and O
In different proportions then carbohydrates
Tend to repel water (hydrophobic)
used to build cell membranes
67
Phospholipids
Major component of cell membranes
68
What are examples of steroids?
```
Cholesterol
Bile salts
Vitamin D
Adrenocortical hormones
sex hormones
```
69
Cholesterol
Minor component of all animal cell membranes
| precursor of bile salts, vitamin D and steroid hormones
70
Bile salts
Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
71
Vitamin D
Helps regulate calcium levels (Vit D milk), needed for bone growth and repair
72
Adrenocortical Hormones
Help to regulate metabolism
resistance to stress
salt/water balance
73
Sex hormones
stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics
74
What other lipids are important?
Carotenes
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Lipoproteins
75
Carotenes
Needed for the synthesis of Vitamin A
(which is Used to make visual pigments in the eyes)
Function as an antioxidant
76
Vitamin E
Promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system
functions as an antioxidant
77
Vitamin K
Required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins
78
Lipoproteins
Transport lipids in the blood
Transport triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues
removes excess cholesterol from the blood
79
What are lipids?
hydrophobic substances (water insoluble) that have several important biological functions
Made of long chains of C and H
80
What are 4 broad categories of lipids?
Simple lipids
Compound lipids
Steroids
Misc
81
Saturated Fatty Acid
When all the C atoms are filled up with H atoms
solid at room temperature
82
Unsaturated fatty acids
When double bonds are formed between the C atoms and less Hydrogens can attach.
The double bonded carbon puts a kink into the regular pattern of the carbon backbone.
83
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Have many kinks
liquid at room temperature
84
Triglycerides
three fatty acids added to a molecule of glycerol through dehydration synthesis
85
Formation of phospholipids
When 2 fatty acid tails are joined by a glycerol molecule to a phosphate containing "head group"
Make up cell membranes
86
Steroids
a major category of four ring structures
87
Cholesterol
The basis for the steroid class of lipids
Can't live without it
essential component of the cell membrane (has a role in regulating the fluidity of cell membranes)
Used as a precursor for the synthesis of many other lipids
Steroid hormones based on the cholesterol molecule
88
Vitamin D
A steroid vitamin which is essential for bone growth and repair
89
Cortisol
An adrenocortical hormone released in times of stress
90
Eicosanoids
local acting hormones
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
Lipids derived from arachidonic acids
Key chemicals in immune defense and inflammation
91
Prostaglandins
Contribute to pain & inflammation associated with the immune response
92
Leukotrienes
Contribute to inflammation associated with asthma
93
What are the fat soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
94
What is Vitamin A is synthesized from?
Carotenes
found in foods that are rich in carotenes that are yellow or orange in color (squash and tomatoes)
95
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Thought to protect cells from free radicals and damage
96
What are lipoproteins?
Lipid carriers in the blood
97
What form of cholesterol is referred to as the high protein protein?
high density lipoprotein
has the highest protein content and the lowest lipid content
Increased by exercise
98
What is the monomer that makes up proteins?
An amino acid
99
Polypeptides
strings of amino acids
100
How many amino acids are there?
20
101
Protein
A polymer of amino acids
102
How are the polymers of amino acids joined to make proteins?
dehydration synthesis
103
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
2 Carbons and a Nitrogen for the backbone (or the amino group)
Amino functional group on one end and a carboxyl functional group on the other end.
104
Peptides bonds
dehydration synthesis that binds amino acids
105
dipeptide
two amino acids joined together by a single peptide bond
106
polypeptide
more than tow amino acids joined together by multiple peptide bonds.
107
tripeptide
three amino acids joined together by 2 peptide bonds
108
Peptides & proteases
break peptide bonds through hydrolysis
109
Ribosome
Where proteins are synthesized in the cell.
110
the ending -ase means what?
that the substance is an enzyme
111
What is the difference between the different amino acids?
The "R" group differs
| which changes their chemical properties
112
Glycine (G) (Gly)
Simplest amino acid
113
Methionine (M) (Met)
Always the first amino acid made when creating a new protein
114
Cysteine (C) (Cys)
Has one sulfahydryl group
115
Tyrosine (Y) (Tyr)
Associated with the thyroid
116
Polar charged Amino acids--Acids
Donates a H+ ion
117
Polar charged amino acids-- Bases
Accepts H+ ions
118
Polar uncharged amino acids
hydrophilic R-groups tend to have a partial positive or negative charge, which allows them to participate in chemical reactions, form hydrogen bonds and associate with water
don't share equally
associate with H2O
119
Nonpolar Amino acids
Hydrophobic R-Groups consist almost entirely of C and H atoms
Want to associate with other hydrophobic G-groups or lipids
120
Primary level of protein structure
the sequence of amino acids
121
Secondary level of protein structure
hot the amino acid sequence is folded
held together by H bonds
alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
122
tertiary level of protein structure
how the helices or sheets are arranged in 3D
| Denatured at this stage if something goes wrong
123
Quarternary leven of protein structure
the arrangement of the 3D structures into whole proteins
124
If something goes wrong in the primary stage of protein sequencing this can happen
Cystic Fibrosis
125
If something goes wrong in the secondary stage of protein sequencing this can happen:
Sickle cell anemia
126
Organic chemistry is the study of which element?
er1
Carbon (C)
127
The molecular formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose is C6H12O6. Because they all have different molecular structures they are called______________.
er2
Isomers
128
Carbon is unique because it can form a wide variety of compounds. The reason for this is due to carbon's ability to form ___________ bonds.
er3
many, covalent, 4 covalent
129
What is the name of the functional group R-OH?
er4
Hydroxyl group
130
What is the name of the functional group R-SH?
er5
Sulfhydryl
131
What is the name of the functional group with the formula (-PO4)^2-?
er6
Phosphate
132
An inorganic molecule with a carbon/water ratio of 1:1 is a __________.
er7
Carbohydrate
| think: Watered Carbon
133
Which of the nutrients is water insoluble because it has more carbon than oxygen atoms?
er8
lipid
134
Multiple amino acids connected with peptide bonds are called a ___________.
er9
Protein
135
Monomers are best defined as: ____________.
er10
building blocks
136
What are the monomers of polysaccharides?
er11
monosaccharides
137
What would be the molecular formula of the monosaccharide containing 5 carbons?
er12
C5H10O5
| remember: CxH2xOx
138
To be considered a triglyceride there must be a glycerol backbone and ___________.
er13
3 fatty acid tails
139
A nutrient monomer with the molecular formula: (CH)3(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH is likely a _________.
er14
Unsaturated fatty acid
140
A nutrient with an amino, carboxyl and a R group is called a/an__________.
er15
Amino Acid
141
Polymers are biological molecules that have many ________ hooked together.
er16
monomers
142
Because they are monosaccharides containing 5 carbons,ribose and deoxyribose are _________.
er17
pentoses
143
A polymer of nucleotides is a ________.
er18
nucleic acid
144
A compound that contains three or more monosaccharides is a/an _________.
er19
polysaccharides
145
Digestible,stored polysaccharide in plants is ________.
er20
starch
146
What is the name of the anabolic reaction that connects nutrient monomers to form polymers?
er21
Dehydration synthesis
147
ABO blood groups are characterized by different _________ on the cells surface
er22
glycolipids, carbohydrates attached to the lipids
148
Cellulose is found in plant cell walls, but cannot be __________ by humans.
er23
digested
149
Two amino acids that have been combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction is called a _________.
er24
dipeptide
150
Sucrose is split into glucose and fructose by the enzyme sucrase. This would be an example of a catabolic reaction known as _________.
er25
hydrolysis
151
A disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules is _________.
er26
maltose
152
Which lipid is a major component of all cell membranes?
er28
phospholipids
153
Water insoluble triglycerides and cholesterol are transported in the blood by _________.
er29
lipoproteins
154
T/F: To produce energy, carbohydrates can be used both aerobically and anaerobically.
er30
True
155
A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds between its carbon atoms are said to be _________.
er31
saturated
156
# Define amphipathic
er32
a molecule with a polar (phosphate) head with nonpolar tails (fatty acid)
Phospholipids
157
In cell membranes the phospholipid heads are found facing ________.
er33
out/ toward either the intracellular or extra cellular fluids.
158
Testosterone and estriol are synthesized from which lipid molecule?
er34
cholesterol
159
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are 20 carbon chains formed from arachadonic acid. They are included in a group of molecules called ______.
er35
eicosanoids
160
Prostaglandins function as _______.
er36
local hormones, steroids
161
Name the fat soluble vitamins (4)
er37
A, D, E, and K
162
Which of the lipoproteins has the highest protein content?
er38
HDL
High density Lipoprotein
163
What ion attaches to tyrosine to make thyroxin (T4), a thyroid hormone?
er39
iodide, the iodine ion
164
There are several levels of organization of protein molecules. The linear sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds in the __________ structure.
er40
primary structure
165
The simplest amino acid is glycine because it only has a ________ as its side chain.
er41
H,Hydrogen
166
Hydrogen bonds form the _________ structure of proteins.
er42
secondary
167
A protein that has been denatured is said to have lost its __________.
er43
2, 3, 4 degree structure
168
What level of organization can be denatured?
er44
tertiary
169
What is the function of regulatory proteins?
er45
they function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes
170
Actin and myosin proteins in muscle function as __________ proteins.
er46
contractile
171
In DNA, what holds the strands of the double helix together?
er47
Hydrogen bonds
172
A protein which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not itself consumed is a _________.
er48
catalyst
173
A substrate plus "-ase" is the common method for naming ___________.
er49
enzymes
174
What is the function of RNA?
er50
temporary storage and manipulation of genetic information
175
In DNA, the base uracil in RNA is replaced by ____________.
er51
Thymine
176
In the DNA double helix, thymine is paired with __________.
er52
Adenine
177
What is the function of ATP?
er53
It is the energy unit of the cell
178
Electrical cellular energy wold be most likely found in a _____________ impulse.
er54
nerve/neuron
179
Mechanical cellular energy would be represented by ___________ ____________.
er55
muscle contractions
180
Vitamina and minerals increase the speed of chemical reactions by acting as _________.
er56
catalysts
181
Vitamins _______ and _________ are water soluble.
er57
B and C
182
Vitamin A (retinol) is required for _________.
er58
vision
183
Vitamin D is required for proper formation of ______.
er59
bones
184
Vitamin K is required for proper formation of ______.
er60
blood clots
185
Vitamin C is needed for the formation of _______.
er61
collagen
186
Folic acid is needed for proper development of the __________.
er62
nervous system/ neural tube/ spinal cord of a fetus as well as the normal formation of blood cells through out life.
187
Chromium deficiency interferes with _________.
er63
the signaling of the hormone insulin
188
Iron deficiency interferes with _________.
er64
hemoglobin, oxygen carrying,contributes to anemia
189
Iodine deficiency interferes with __________.
er65
thyroid function
