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Physics 3 > Module 3 & 4 : Image Recording and Storage Devices > Flashcards

Module 3 & 4 : Image Recording and Storage Devices Flashcards

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1
Q

three reasons why having a recording device is important

A
  • radiologist/cardiologist is not always present
  • required for teleradiography
  • images can be used for comparison
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2
Q

7 ways to record images

A
  • multiformat cameras
  • laser imagers
  • color thermal printers
  • fibre-optic recorders
  • video thermal printers
  • video tape recording
  • computer storage
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3
Q

what was the most common means of storing a hard copy of images

A
  • film
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4
Q

what are the three different types of film

A
  • transparency film (negative)
  • polaroid film (positive)
  • paper film
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5
Q

what was the most common type of film used and why

A
  • transparency film

- several years of shelf life and infinite resolution

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6
Q

disadvantages of film

A
  • storage space
  • ease of retrieval for viewing
  • cost
  • chemicals
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7
Q

how is transparency film constructed

A
  • in layers with an acetate base toped with an emulsion layer that contains silver bromide crystals and a suspension gelatine
  • light strikes the crystal to form the latent image and are converted to silver grains with chemical processing
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8
Q

with film how are the images made darker

A
  • exposure to light increases more silver grains are activated and the darker the image becomes
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9
Q

what is film speed

A
  • how fast it darkens
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10
Q

what two things must be matched to the monitor used for exposure

A
  • film speed

- contrast

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11
Q

how long did it take to manually process transparency film

A
  • 1 hour per film
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12
Q

4 steps to automatic processing

A
  • development
  • fixing
  • washing
  • drying
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13
Q

how long does it take to automatically process film

A
  • 1-2 minutes
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14
Q

disadvantage to transparency film

A
  • variations in density/contrast of processing
  • use of chemicals was also expensive and caustic to the environment
  • takes a long time
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15
Q

what is the multiformat camera

A
  • one of the most common devices used to expose transparency film
  • essentially a CRT that could fix an image onto the film
  • has excellent gray scale and used a shutter and a lens to control the exposure time and position
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16
Q

disadvantages to multiformat camera

A
  • CRTs have curved screens which could distort the image
  • high quality lens increases cost
  • one camera per machine
  • dust and movement
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17
Q

what replaced the multiformat camera

A
  • the laser camera
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18
Q

what does laser stand for

A 
L- light
A - amplification by
S - stimulated
E - emission of
R - radiation
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19
Q

why are the intensity and size of the laser beam controlled

A
  • to improve contrast and detail resolution
20
Q

could more than one machine/modality use one laser camera

A
  • yes
21
Q

was the film used by laser camera sensitive or insensitive to light

A
  • insensitive
22
Q

what does laser camera film contain

A
  • laser sensitive carbon layer that when activated by heat cause the carbon to stick and the back can be peeled off
23
Q

what is polaroid film

A
  • requires no special processing
  • relatively inexpensive
  • spatial resolution poor
24
Q

how did the black and white polaroid film work

A
  • exposure to light creates white on the film using silver halide crystals
25
Q

what are the three layers of color polaroid film

A
  • RGB that are activated with exposure
26
Q

what is the video thermal printer

A
  • fairly good quality but not as good as the multi format or laser printer
27
Q

how does a video thermal printer work

A
  • video signal is stored in the memory and transferred to a thermal printing mechanism
  • the heat sensitive paper is then passed along a mechanism and the heat creates a gray scale where the shade of gray corresponds to the amount of heat produced
28
Q

what was one of the biggest problems for video thermal printer

A
  • archival stability

- could not place exposed film near a heat source or image would degrade over time

29
Q

what is the color video printer

A
  • similar to video thermal printer
  • uses dye on paper
  • if no dye is present then paper is white and RGB together make black
  • printing requires single pass of each color which increases printing time
30
Q

what is a magnetic tape recording

A
  • used a lot

- gave ability to capture a video as opposed to a still picture

31
Q

what is the format of the cassette for magnetic tape recorder and what were they played on

A
  • video home system (VHS)

- video cassete recorder (VCR)

32
Q

what is a super VHS (SVHS)

A
  • better spatial resolution and used in more hospitals
33
Q

how does a magnetic tape recorder work

A
  • contains magnetic dipoles that can be aligned in a magnetic field where the strength of the signal determines the alignment
34
Q

how is the tape played back

A
  • tape passed through a red head and the fluctuating magnetic field produces a video signal
  • an audio track can also be included in sync
35
Q

what is the spatial resolution of a VHS

A
  • 240 lines
36
Q

what is the spatial resolution of a SVHS

A
  • 200 lines
37
Q

can both VHS and SVHS be played on both VHS machines and SVHS machines

A
  • VHS machines = VHS only

- SVHS = VHS and SVHS

38
Q

what are magneto-optic disks

A
  • combined two technologies
    + magnetic and optics
  • large memory space and rewritable
  • not susceptible to magnetic damage
39
Q

how are the MO disks created

A
  • laser heats the disk past its currie point so the magnetic crystals can be realigned when placed in a. magnetic field
40
Q

how were the MO disks read

A
  • a weaker laser scatter the light off the disk and the intensity is read to create the signal
41
Q

one advantage and disadvantage to MO disks

A
  • could hold hundreds of MB

- lack of compatible drives

42
Q

what does PACS stand for

A

P - picture
A - archiving
C - communication
S - system

43
Q

6 advantages to pacs

A
  • storage
  • external viewing
  • connection to other modalities
  • web access
  • image quality
  • time factor
44
Q

how does a pacs system work

A
  • electronically transfers digital data from a machine to a workstation
  • with the internet images could be sent anywhere
45
Q

what was a challenge with pacs and how was it solved

A
  • manufacturers all use different programming and coding to digitize there images
  • set a universal standard for compressing images called DICOM
46
Q

what does DICOM stand for

A

D - digital
I - imaging
CO - communications in
M - medicine

47
Q

disadvantages to pacs

A
  • large cost investment (but eventually pays off)

- complexity of equipment and the additional backup require additional staff for upkeep and maintenance

Physics 3 (5 decks)

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