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Physics 3 > Module 1 : Quality Assurance > Flashcards

Module 1 : Quality Assurance Flashcards

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1
Q

main reason for quality assurance

A

reality of patient misdiagnosis exists if the pages we think we see are not real

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2
Q

quality assurance definition

A
  • program that ensures proper and consistent operation of imaging system
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3
Q

7 things that quality assurance ensures

A
  • proper equipment operation
  • detection of gradual degradation of performance
  • minimizes machine down time
  • minimizes repeat examination s
  • sonographer and patient safety
  • cost efficiency
  • maintains standards
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4
Q

three main people responsible for QA

A
  • physician
  • sonographer
  • service (biomedical/manufacturer)
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5
Q

the physicians role in QA

A
  • the director

- assess images for overall quality

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6
Q

the sonographers role in QA

A
  • the front line
  • may perform routine testing and record keeping
  • routine maintenance (cleaning filters and visual inspections)
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7
Q

routine maintenance the sonographer may do

A
  • clean surface
  • clean recording devices
  • clean air filters
  • assess cables and trasnducers
  • film/image recording quality
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8
Q

the two types of service personnel

A
  • the manufacturer

- the biomedical personnel

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9
Q

role of the manufacturer in QA

A
  • provide routine preventative maintenance and repair equipment as needed
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10
Q

role of biomedical personnel in QA

A
  • responsible for acceptance testing when machine arrives on site to ensure patient and employee safety
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11
Q

what is acceptance testing

A
  • sophisticated testing when systems are place into operation
  • image performance and power output are measured and the system checked to see that it will work with ancillary equipment in the department
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12
Q

what is routine performance testing

A
  • aout measuring image performance

- ASSESSING FOR CHANGES OVER TIME

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13
Q

the key component to a good QA program is

A
  • record keeping
  • consistency
    + person, temp, focus, time
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14
Q

AIUM 100

A
  • older testing device
  • plastic case contain 0.75mm steel rods arranges in groups and filled with water alcohol and algicide
  • inexpensive but have no grayscale and non attenuation
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15
Q

phantoms 2 types

A
  • tissue equivalent phantoms

- AIUM 100

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16
Q

tissue equivalent phantoms

A
  • structure than contains one of more materials to simulate a body of tissue in its interaction with ultrasound
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17
Q

phantoms - purpose and characteristics

A
  • plastic case that contains a gel mixed with graphite poweder and rod groups plus solid and cystic lesions
  • give a much better approximation of clinical performance since they allow for testing of gray scale, attenuation , speed of sound
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18
Q

characteristics tissue equivalent phantoms must have to act as soft tissue

A
  • attenuation coefficiente (1/2F)
  • speed of sound (1540m/s)
  • backscatter coefficient/ relative contrast
  • elasticity
  • thermal properties
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19
Q

tissue equivalent phantoms can do what testing

A
  • dead zone measurement
  • detailed resolution
  • distance accuracy
  • image uniformity
  • depth of penetration
  • cyst imaging capabilities
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20
Q

what is the dead zone

A
  • the area in the near field close to the transducer also known as the MAIN BANG
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21
Q

dead zone QA technique

A
  • scan rod group a from side A
  • the last pin that you can fully resolve closest to the probe is the dead zone depth
  • record measurement and check again over time
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22
Q

what is axial resolution

A
  • ability to separate interfaces along the path of the beam
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23
Q

axial resolution QA technique

A
  • involves measuring the smallest separation visible between the axial resolution pins at various depths
  • watch for changes over time
  • scan rod group b from side A
  • the smallest distance between the pins that we can resolve is the axial resolution
24
Q

what is lateral resolution

A
  • ability to separate interfaces across the beam

- related to beam width

25
Q

lateral resolution QA technique

A
  • measuring the lateral resolution pins and is dependant on depth and focus
  • need to have the same depth and focus every time
  • side A rod group C
  • look at which rod has the least amount of point spreading is and measure the beam width
  • look for changes over time
26
Q

what is elevational resolution

A
  • aka slice thickness and Z axis

- ability to resolve echoes in the 3D plane

27
Q

elevational resolution QA technique

A
  • for quantitative assessment you need a different phantom with a RAMP
  • for qualitative assessment look at the cystic structures as see how well they are resolved
  • side A cyst group e
  • look for number of internal echoes have focus right at the cyst so you know lateral resolution is at its best
  • look for changes over time
28
Q

distance accuracy

A
  • both horizontal and vertical distance accuracy can be measured using pins
  • IMPORTANT TO MEASURE OVER LARGE DISTANCE TO DETECT SMALL MARGINS OF ERROR
29
Q

distance accuracy QA technique

A
  • measuring pins at a known distance with callipers and comparing numbers
  • look for changes over time
30
Q

TGC characteristics

A
  • user specific test where results are based on the observation of the individual performing the test
  • images may be captures with different slide pod configurations under different conditions and compared over time
31
Q

image uniformity

A
  • test a linear arrays consistency along th array

- look for inhomogeneous regions or areas of non uniformity

32
Q

what is sensitivity

A
  • ability to detect weak echoes
33
Q

sensitivity QA technique

A
  • maximum depth of visualization

- power and gain are optimized for penetration and the observer records the death where brightness starts to fade

34
Q

dynamic range

A
  • measures the number of shades of gray displayed the machine
  • subjective test need good record keeping
  • images compared over time
35
Q

what is contrast resolution

A
  • measures the ability to distinguish between simulated lesion to similar echogenicity
  • controlled by dynamic range
  • BIT DEPTH IS ULTIMATELY RESPONISIBLE FOR CONTRAST RESLOLUTION
36
Q

contrast resolution QA technique

A
  • scanning solid, cystic, hypo echoic, echogenic lesions

- see how well you can differentiate lesions from other surrounding tissue

37
Q

contrast vs contrast resolution

A
  • can have lots of contrast but still have poor CONTRAST RESOLUTION
38
Q

registration

A
  • test for older static b scanner to ensure arm positioning is accurate for the reconstruction of an image
39
Q

registration QA technique

A
  • involves scanning pins from 3 sides to see if the lines intersect at one point
40
Q

two types of doppler phantoms

A
  • flow = like TE phantom

- string or belt = like AIUM 100 test object

41
Q

flow doppler phantoms

A
  • like TE phantoms
  • close match to clinical experience
  • expensive
42
Q

flow phantoms can measure what factors

A
  • maximum depth (sensitivity for color)
  • gate position accuracy
  • volume flow and velocity accuracy
  • color flow penetration
  • image congruency test
43
Q

string or belt doppler phantoms

A
  • move a string or belt in a water bath
  • do not match the clinical experience
  • cheap
44
Q

3 other applications for phantoms

A
  • demonstration
  • training
  • research
45
Q

7 other specialty phantoms

A
  • biopsy
  • mass
  • 3D
  • cryosurgery
  • brachytherapy
  • HIFU (high intensity frequency ultrasound)
  • IVUS (intravenous ultrasound)
46
Q

what are output testing devices

A
  • used by service personnel or manufacturers to evaluate the systems power output
47
Q

3 types of output testing devices

A
  • hydrophone
  • power (force) balancers
  • calorimeter
48
Q

hydrophone also had 4 other parts

A
  • plotter (articulated arm)
  • spectrum analyzer
  • oscilloscope
  • schlieren system (acoustic optical method)
49
Q

what is a hydrophone

A
  • small (1mm) transducer that produces a voltage proportional to the received acoustic pressure (piezoelectric element)
  • used with a plotter to be moved throughout the sound field and produce a beam profiler
50
Q

hydrophone capabilities with an oscilloscope

A
  • SPL
  • PD
  • PRP
  • PRF
  • DF
51
Q

hydrophone capabilities with a spectrum analyzer

A
  • resonant frequency
  • bandwidth
  • fractional bandwidth
  • Q factor
52
Q

what is force balance used to measure

A
  • power
53
Q

what is a force balance

A
  • sophisticated sensitive micro balance that is phased in the sound field and calibrated to determine acoustic power and intensity
54
Q

what is a calorimeter

A
  • essentially a heat meter used to measure acoustic power

- an enclosed fluid container with a very sensitive thermocouple detects temp change and can determine acoustic power

55
Q

future QA developments

A
  • as tech changes need new products
  • phantoms designed to have increased durability and longevity but have to keep up with advancements to technology
    + thin film phantom
    + smaller resolution point targets
  • some machines have ability to self evaluate which would help with subjectivity of manual evaluation

Physics 3 (5 decks)

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