Module 3 & 4

Question 1

What is knowing (epistemology)?

Answer 1

the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope, and the distinction between justified belief and opinion. That is, how do we ‘know’ what we know and how do we assign value to knowledge systems.

Question 2

What is Being (ontology)?

Answer 2

the science of ‘being’ in general; we are objects and subjects of the knowledge systems we live, work and grow within. What informs who we are as individuals, as members of a community, etc.

Question 3

What is doing (axiology)?

Answer 3

the study of the nature of values and value judgements and how these apply to decision making and behaviour; our epistemologies and ontologies manifest in our axiology (i.e., the way we act).

Question 4

What does cultural awareness through to cultural safety shift according to Nurse Irihapeti Ramsden?

Answer 4

It shifts the focus from the practitioner to the consumer. (it must be the patient who makes the final statement about the quality of care which they receive.)

Question 5

The idea of cultural safety applies to all health and community services, including:

Answer 5

• Unchallenged, mainstream health services in colonial countries that employ the biomedical model of health care prolong colonisation.
• Mainstream health services find it difficult to value the differences between people.
• Each interaction between client and health professional is bicultural.
• Health practitioners are in a privileged and powerful position in society
• Negative attitudes held by people in power have a major impact on the identity of others
• Those in positions of power have a choice of either perpetuating or changing their dominating practices
• Respect leads to trust, which in turn leads to negotiation.

Question 6

When was the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Strategy Group developed and by who?

Answer 6

2018, Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency

Question 7

What did the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Strategy Group publish?

Answer 7

National Scheme’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Safety Strategy 2020-2025

Question 8

What does the National Scheme’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Safety Strategy outline?

Answer 8

• defines culturally safe practice
• outlines specific cultural safety approaches and initiatives including ensuring consistent definitions of cultural safety in education training standards, accreditation guidelines, and codes of conduct;
• outlines implementing cultural safety training for the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) and National, State, Territory, and Regional boards
• developing a continuous professional development and upskilling strategy for the registered health workforce

Question 9

How does Ramsden define cultural awareness?

Answer 9

Beginning step towards understanding that there is a difference

Question 10

How does Ramsden define cultural sensitivity?

Answer 10

Alerts individuals to the legitimacy of the difference and begins the process of self-exploration

Question 11

How does Ramsden define cultural safety?

Answer 11

Is an outcome that enables safe service to be defined by those who receive the service

Question 12

Juli Coffin (2007) expands on, and defines cultural awareness as:

Answer 12

being self-aware of your own culture and willing and able to recognise and accept cultural differences. Says it is a basic understanding that does not necessarily lead to action

Question 13

Juli Coffin (2007) expands on, and defines cultural safety as:

Answer 13

Cultural safety is the application of knowledge, skills and attitudes to empower Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. “Safety involves health providers working with individuals and organisations and can sometimes encompass the community. More often though cultural safety consists of small actions and gestures, usually not standardised as policy and procedure”

Question 14

Juli Coffin (2007) expands on, and defines cultural security as:

Answer 14

Cultural security is a systematic, organisational approach to ensure individual and community needs are met and sustained.

Question 15

The focus of strengths-based practice is therefore on working in collaboration, rather than….

Answer 15

authority, with the individual, family or community to identify possibilities and solutions

Question 16

What does focusing primarily on a deficits approach inhibit?

Answer 16

provides only one side to a multi-faceted story and inhibits the use of alternative solutions or the provision of opportunities that facilitate growth and thriving…

Question 17

What are 7 key aspects of the strengths-based approach

Answer 17

1. Client has talents and resources 2. Goal is to empower 3. Therapy is solutions focused 4. Both professionals and clients are experts 5. Actions are inspired by the client 6. Personal accounts assist in knowing the client 7. Resources are the strengths of the individual, family, or the community

Question 18

What are 7 key aspects of the deficits-based approach

Answer 18

1. Client has a problem 2.Goal is to fix the problem 3. Therapy is problem focused 4. Professional is the expert 5. Actions are driven by the professional 6. Personal accounts assist diagnosis 7. Resources are knowledge and skills of the professional

Question 19

When working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, strengths-based approaches that focus on health assets include the following:

Answer 19

• Community events
• Neighbourhood networks and commitment to community
• Extended family
• Community organisations

Question 20

What are some non-physical, non-medical elements which lead to good health and wellbeing for ATSI people?

Answer 20

personal aspirations, personal wellness, positive self-image, self-efficacy, non-familial connectedness, family connectedness, positive opportunities, positive social norms and cultural connectedness

Question 21

The steps professional individuals should take to ensure culturally safe and respectful practice include:

Answer 21

1. Acknowledge colonisation and systemic racism, social, cultural, behavioural, and economic factors that impact individual and community health;
2. Acknowledge and address individual racism, their own biases, assumptions, stereotypes and prejudices and provide care that is holistic, and free of bias and racism;
3. Recognise the importance of self-determined decision-making, partnership and collaboration allowing work to be driven by the individual, family and community;
4. Foster a safe working environment through leadership to support the rights and dignity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and colleagues.

Question 22

Queensland Health has identified five Cross-Cultural Capabilities that assist staff in beginning the cross-cultural learning and development required for cultural safety, what are they?

Answer 22

1. Self-reflection
2. Cultural Understanding
3. Context
4. Communication
5. Collaboration

Question 23

What is the Cross-Cultural Capability of Self Reflection about?

Answer 23

Can you consider your own culture, position cultural beliefs, and interpret your own thoughts and feelings about other cultures

Question 24

What is the Cross-Cultural Capability of Cultural Understanding about?

Answer 24

• Can you determine and accommodate different needs, understanding how others’ behaviours may be influenced by culture
• Can you continue to employ self-reflection to explore differences and similarities across cultures

Question 25

What is the Cross-Cultural Capability of Context about?

Answer 25

• Can you acknowledge and consider the range of social and economic factors that may impact those who you are working with?
• Do you understand there are differences within cultures, including how everyone may (or may not) identify with their own culture

Question 26

What is the Cross-Cultural Capability of Communication about?

Answer 26

• Are you sensitive and adaptive to varying cultural norms in relation to verbal and non-verbal communication
• Are you able to be aware of, and overcome, potential barriers to effective cross-cultural communication
• Can you deliver information in culturally appropriate and targeted ways, communicating effectively across cultures or acknowledging when you may need interpreter assistance
• Do you avoid making assumptions or judgements about individuals based on their communication style – or identify when you are and understand how to mitigate this response

Question 27

What is the Cross-Cultural Capability of Collaboration about?

Answer 27

• Are you building trust and relationships with individuals across cultures, including working with individuals and families
• Are you working on forming formal and informal collaborative networks
• Do you value and facilitate the exchange of information across disciplines, facilitating community links
• Have you prioritised involving culturally diverse clients in decision-making processes and collaborative care

Question 28

What is the purpose of the cultural safety continuum tool?

Answer 28

assist in ensuring that your work as a professional exceeds the minimum standard of care, so tool, you can develop skills to advance your culturally safe practice

Question 29

What are the 5 components making up the cultural safety continuum tool?

Answer 29

Learn, apply, reflect, embed, unlearn

Question 30

In the cultural safety continuum tool, what does it entail to learn?

Answer 30

How will you build understanding about why ‘established’ practice is not always the best way to learn, and how will you make learning a part of everyday practice?

Question 31

In the cultural safety continuum tool, what does it entail to apply?

Answer 31

How will you implement what is learned to create positive interactions and environments for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?

Question 32

In the cultural safety continuum tool, what does it entail to reflect?

Answer 32

How will you continually challenge assumptions and revisit the unlearning and learning stages to understand more deeply or gain knowledge?

Question 33

In the cultural safety continuum tool, what does it entail to unlearn?

Answer 33

How will you challenge established norms, stereotypes, and beliefs to decrease bias and create a more balanced set of shared values?

Question 33

In the cultural safety continuum tool, what does it entail to embed?

Answer 33

How will you implement continuous quality improvement and contribute to reforming systems, procedures, policies, strategies, programs, workplace culture, and accountability?

Question 34

What are some specific challenges faced by ATSI people when accessing healthcare with mainstream services?

Answer 34

lack of transport, unwelcoming hospital and healthcare settings, mistrust, feelings of alienation, and lack of understanding of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures

Question 34

Culturally safe healthcare occurs when patients are provided with…

Answer 34

all necessary information for informed decision-making, as well as a space for empowerment and self-determination.

Question 35

What are the principles of practice are applied in Dr Sinha’s outreach work?

Answer 35

1. Indigenous Leadership
2. Cultural safety and equity (consideration of cultural differences overt time, working with knowledgable committees)
3. person-centred and family-oriented (can access care in own communities, family members invited to consultations)
4. flexibility and innovation (telehealth enables flexibility an timely care)
5. integration and continuity of care ( building relationships and trust, when in hospital can act as familiar face)

Question 36

What does ATSI traditional knowledge refer to?

Answer 36

the practices, skills, innovations, and know-how of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.