Module 3 Flashcards
Species heredity can be defined as –
a. epigenetic adaptation to the world
b. the genetic endowment of a species
c. the evolutionary principle of survival of the species
d. natural selection
B
The difference between meiosis and mitosis is
a. cell division
b. the presence of DNA
c. 23 chromosomes and 46 chromosomes
d. the number of strands of DNA
C
The Human Genome Project refers to a project to
a. decipher the human genetic code
b. discover DNA
c. identify the double helix structure of DNA
d. implant simple bacterium into a genome.
A
Monozygotic twins are
a. fraternal
b. conjoined
c. identical
d. female siblings
C
Gregor Mendel is known for
a. his 20th century investigation of DNA
b. his identification of karotypology
c. his single gene pair inheritance
d. his 19th century study of genetics
D
The phenotypic variation in a trait can be decomposed into which of the following sources?
a. genetic influences
b. non-shared environmental influences
c. shared environmental influences
d. all of the above
D
Phenotype describes
a. an individual’s genetic endowment
b. the observable characteristics in the expression of a genotype
c. the heritability of certain traits
d. environmental influences on individuals
B
Which of the following examples best describe the process of biological evolution?
a. The inheritance of greater height because in the past this permitted the collection of food sources further from the ground.
b. The comparability of calf muscles among groups of the same ethnic origin.
c. The beginnings of a new culture.
d. A cell dividing into new cells.
A
Which of these terms does NOT describe gene expression?
a. dominant
b. recessive
c. co-dominant
d. powerful
e. incomplete dominance
D
The analysis which is useful for identifying the multiple genes that contribute to polygenic traits is called
a. epigenetics
b. heritability
c. concordance rates
d. molecular genetics
D
Which mechanism/s contribute to human development?
a. gene expression
b. gene-environment interaction
c. gene-environment correlations
d. all of the above
D
Organogenesis is particularly relevant for the development of
a. the embryo
b. the neo-nate
c. the toddler
d. the child
A
A teratogen is
a. independent exploration
b. a critical period of development
c. any agent that harms the foetus
d. a disease
C
The Apgar test is used to help determine
a. IQ in babies
b. high - risk babies
c. levels of anoxia in babies
d. family adjustment to a newborn
B
David, a dog-breeder, has, over several generations, intentionally bred the characteristic of brown fur in his dogs. This process is called
a. gene therapy
b. selective breeding
c. heritability
d. experimental breeding
B
What is species heredity?
The things we have in common as a species (2 eyes, walk upright, developmental patterns are the same)
The genetic endowment that members of a particular species have in common
What is evolutionary theory?
There is genetic variationi in a species Some genes aid adaptation or survival, more than others Genes that aid adaptation are more likely to be passed onto the next generation Natural selection (survival of the fittest)
Kettlewell’s moths studied?
Genes and the environment combined to aid survival.
How many pairs of chromosomes?
23 pairs - one of each pair is from each parent
How many genes?
20000 - 25000
What is DNA
Double helix molecule that consists of sequences of chemicals
What are chromosomes made of?
Strands of DNA
How many pairs of the chromosome pairs are the same for males and females?
22
What is the sex chromosome?
The 23rd pair that determines biological/genetic sex
Females have how many X chromosomes?
2 -XX
Males have how many X chromosomes?
1 - XY
Which chromosome is larger?
X is much larger
it has over 1000 genes
How many genes are in the Y chromosome?
Less than 100
Sperm and Ova are produced in which process?
Myosis - Specialised cells split in a way that results in an ovum or a sperm with only 23 chromosomes - 1 from each pair.
What determines the sex of a child?
Female ova only have X chromosomes (XX)
Sperm contains either an X or a Y (XY) which determines the sex
Zygote is?
Single cell formed at conception from union of sperm and ovum. It contains all 46 chromosomes of the new individual.
Identical twins are the result of what happening to the Zygote?
Zygote splitting into 2 seperate zygotes which results in both having identical genes
How do you get Fraternal twins?
2 separate ova being fertilized by 2 separate sperm
How many genes do siblings have in common?
about half on average- can vary from very little to almost complete genetic similarity- depending on how the genes are split during Myosis.
How many genetic combinations are possible?
about 64 trillion possible for children of the same 2 parents.
What is genotype?
Our inherited genetic makeup. Environment a Genotype interact.
What is Phenotype?
How our genotype is expressed in our characteristics and traits.
What can influence genes?
Single gene pair inheritance
Sex-linked inheritence
Polygenic inheritance
Polygening inheritence involves the influence of ____ on many pairs of the genes?
Interaction of environmental factors and many pairs of genes to produce polygenic traits. (traits influenced by Many gene pairs)
e.g. personality,Intelligence, height, weight
Gene abnormalities occur when?
There is a change in the gene or chromosome which results in abnormal DNA
Can be inherited by offspring
What is mutation?
A spontaneous change in the structure of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype
Most are the result of spontaneous errors during cell division
Environmental factors such as radiation or toxic waste can change the rate of mutation
