Module 2 Flashcards
A good theory is which of the following?
a. Internally consistent
b. Falsifiable
c. Empirically supported
d. All of the above
D
A fundamental issue in the study of lifespan development is whether development is gradual or abrupt. This is referred to as which of the following:
a. Activity and passivity
b. Goodness and badness
c. Universality and specificity
d. Continuity and discontinuity
D
Dr Stevens, a developmental psychologist, espouses the view that behaviour is primarily determined by nurture. In this regard, she believes that
a. internal, maturational effects primarily drive human development and behaviour
b. environmental effects are more important than genetic effects in the determination of development and behaviour.
c. humans are fundamentally bad
d. the home environment is not important to development
B
A psychoanalytic theorist holds that humans are not responsible for their behaviours as biologically based motives exceed cognitive control in determining behaviour. This argument best communicates which of the following positions?
a. Tabula rasa
b. Passivity
c. Nurture
d. Activity.
B
In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, personality is decomposed into three dimensions. Which dimension best reflects the moral components of personality?
a. Superego
b. Id
c. Generativity.
d. Ego
A
14 y.o Anthony is beginning to be emotionally and sexually interested in his female classmates at school. According to Freud, Anthony is in which of the following stages of development:
a. Phallic stage
b. Genital stage
c. Initiative vs guilt
d. Latent stage
B
In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus refers to
a. an unlearned event naturally capable of eliciting a specific response
b. an innate, biological motive
c. a behaviour learned through conditioning
d. a disposition the influences development
A
Social aggression has become a major problem in contemporary school contexts. Which of the following positions would Skinner argue in terms of explaining social aggression?
a. Social aggression is a genetic predisposition that is reflected in an individual’s personality
b. The individual who is aggressive may have been rewarded for being aggressive
c. Aggression may develop as a result of not adequately resolving a psychosocial crisis in life.
d. The aggressive behaviour has resulted from the individual observing such behaviour in the social environment
B
Grace has just purchased a new car. She notices an unpleasant beeping sound when she turns on the engine and her seat belt is unfastened. By fastening her seatbelt, grace can escape the sound. This is an example of which of the following?
a. Negative punishment
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Negative reinforcement
d. Positive punishment
C
Which of the following principles is a core feature of social cognitive theory but not operant conditioning?
a. Reinforcement
b. Observational learning
c. Punishment.
d. Extinction
B
Constructivism holds that learning is optimised
a. through constant reinforcement
b. by actively creating understandings of the world
c. through observation
d. when the individual is supported by peers
B
In attempting to explain the occurrence of unsafe sex among young people, Gottlieb would argue which of the following positions:
a. such sexual behaviour is the outcome of several interacting systems and contexts, including the evolutionary context and cultural environment, and the interactions of the individuals with their changing worlds
b. such sexual behaviour is the result of cognitive limitations of the young people
c. such sexual behaviour is the results of emotional conflicts related to sexual urges during the genital stage of development
d. such sexual behaviour is the result of pleasurable sensations that reinforce the behaviour
A
Explain: Goodness-Badness of Human Nature?
Are humans innately good, innately bad, neither (tabulae rasae), or both?
Explain: Nature-Nurture issue
Is development primarily the product of genes, biology and maturation - or of experience, learning and social influences?
Explain: Activity-Passivity
Do humans actively shape their own environment and contribute to their own development - or are they passively shaped by forces beyond their control?
Explain: Continuity-Discontinuity
Do humans change gradually and in quantitative ways - or do they progress through qualitatively different stages and change dramatically into different beings?
Explain: Universality-Context Specificity
Is development similar from person to person and from culture to culture - or do pathways of development vary considerably depending on the social context?
Describe Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality?
Central notion: humans have instincts that
motivate behavior
◦ Unconscious motivation
Humans possess psychic energy that is divided
among three components of the personality
◦ Id – impulsive, selfish part of personality
◦ Ego – rational aspect that seeks to gratify
instincts
◦ Superego – internalized moral standards
What are the Weaknesses of Freud’s Theory?
◦ Theory said to be ambiguous, internally inconsistent,
not testable, and therefore not falsifiable
What are the Strengths of Freud’s Theory?
◦ Many insights have held up and been influential
Called attention to unconscious processes
Emphasized importance of early experience
Emphasized importance of emotions and emotional
conflicts
Who is Erik Erikson?
Most influential neo-Freudian
What are Erik Erikson’s Theories
Some differences with Freud ◦ Less emphasis on sexual urges ◦ More emphasis on rational ego ◦ More positive, adaptive view of human nature ◦ Development continues through adulthood
Eriksons Stages?
Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: Initiative vs. guilt: Industry vs. inferiority: Identity vs. role confusion: Intimacy vs. isolation: Generativity vs. stagnation: Integrity vs. despair
Approximate age of Erik Erikson’s stage of:
Trust vs Mistrust?
Infancy
Birth to 1 year
Infants must learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs. Responsive parenting is critical.
Approximate age of Erik Erikson’s stage of:
Autonomy vs shame and doubt?
Toddlerhood
1 to 3 years
Children must learn to be autonomous - to assert their wills and do things for themselves - or they will doubt their abilities