module 3 Flashcards by Rojj Vasti Buenviaje

are people, or electronic devices, that need to send a message to other individuals or devices.

Message source (sender)

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The destination receives the message and interprets it.

Message Destination (receiver)

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This consists of the media that provides the pathway over which the message travels from source to destination.

Channel

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Common computer protocols (rule of communication)

Message encoding
Message formatting and encapsulation
Message size
Message timing
Message delivery options

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___ is the process of converting information into another acceptable form, for transmission. ____ reverses this process to interpret the information.

Encoding, Decoding

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Message timing includes the following:

Flow Control
Response Timeout
Access Method

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This is the process of managing the rate of data transmission

Flow Control

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If a person asks a question and does not hear a response within an acceptable amount of time, the person assumes that no answer is coming and reacts accordingly

Response Timeout

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This determines when someone can send a message

Access method

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are typically represented as a circle

Nodes

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Which delivery method is used to transmit information to one or more end devices, but not all devices on the network?

multicast

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one to one communication

Unicast

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one to all

Broadcast

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are implemented by end devices and intermediary devices in software, hardware, or both
set of rules

protocol

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protocol type

Network Communication Protocols
Network Security Protocols
Routing Protocols
Service Discovery Protocols

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protocols enable two or more devices to communicate over one or more network

Network communication protocols

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protocols secure data to provide authentication, data integrity, and data encryption

Network security protocols

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protocols enable routers to exchange route information compare path information, and then to select the best path to the destination network

Routing protocols

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protocols are used for the automatic detection of devices or services

Service discovery protocols

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Network protocol functions

addressing
reliability
flow control
Sequencing
error detection
application interface

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This identifies the sender and the intended receiver of the message using a defined addressing scheme

addressing

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this function provides guaranteed delivery mechanisms in case message are lost or corrupted in transit

Reliability

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This functions ensures that data flows at an efficient rate between two communication devices

Flow control

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This function uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data

Sequencing

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This function is used to determine if data became corrupted during transmission

Error Detection

This function contains information used for process to process communication between network applications

Application Interface

This protocol governs the way a web server and a web client interact

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

This protocol manages the individual conversations. __ is responsible for guaranteeing the reliable delivery of the information and managing flow control between the end devices.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

This protocol is responsible for delivering messages from the sender to the receiver. ___ is used by routers to forward the messages across multiple networks.

Internet Protocol (IP)

This protocol is responsible for the delivery of messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same Ethernet local area network (LAN).

Ethernet

BGP and OSPF are examples of which type of protocol?

Routing

Which two protocols are service discovery protocols?

DNS (Domain Name System) DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

This protocol is responsible for guaranteeing the reliable delivery of information.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

is a group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function. - is a set of protocols that work together to provide comprehensive network communication services

protocol suite

This is the most common and relevant protocol suite used today. The __ protocol suite is an open standard protocol suite maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

Internet Protocol Suite or TCP/IP

This is a family of protocols developed jointly in 1977 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols

A short-lived proprietary protocol suite released by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple devices. In 1995, Apple adopted TCP/IP to replace ____ .

AppleTalk

A short-lived proprietary protocol suite and network operating system developed by Novell Inc.

Novell NetWare

This means it is freely available to the public and can be used by any vendor on their hardware or in their software.

Open standard protocol suite

This means it has been endorsed by the networking industry and approved by a standards organization.

Standards-based protocol suite

protocols layer

Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Network Access Layer

under application layer

Name System Host Config Email File Transfer Web and Web Service

Translates domain names such as cisco.com, into IP addresses.

DNS - Domain Name System

dynamically assigns IPv4 addressing information to DHCPv4 clients at start-up and allows the addresses to be re-used when no longer needed.

DHCPv4

A method that allows a device to obtain its IPv6 addressing information without using a DHCPv6 server.

SLAAC

Enables clients to send email to a mail server and enables servers to send email to other servers.

SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.

Enables clients to retrieve email from a mail server and download the email to the client's local mail application.

POP3 - Post Office Protocol version 3

Enables clients to access email stored on a mail server as well as maintaining email on the server.

IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol.

Sets the rules that enable a user on one host to access and transfer files to and from another host over a network.

FTP - File Transfer Protocol

As an extension to Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, ___ can be used to establish a secure file transfer session in which the file transfer is encrypted.

SFTP - SSH File Transfer Protocol.

A simple, connectionless file transfer protocol with best-effort, unacknowledged file delivery. It uses less overhead than FTP.

TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol

A set of rules for exchanging text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files on the World Wide Web.

HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol

A secure form of HTTP that encrypts the data that is exchanged over the World Wide Web.

HTTPS - HTTP Secure.

A web service that uses application programming interfaces (APIs) and HTTP requests to create web applications.

REST - Representational State Transfer

UDP and TCP belong to which layer of the TCP/IP protocol?

Transport

Which two protocols belong in the TCP/IP model application layer?

DNS DHCP

Which protocol operates at the network access layer of the TCP/IP model?

Ethernet

Responsible for promoting the open development and evolution of internet use throughout the world.

Internet Society (ISOC)

Responsible for the overall management and development of internet standards

Internet Architecture Board (IAB

develops, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies. This includes the process and documents for developing new protocols and updating existing protocols, which are known as Request for Comments (RFC) documents.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Focused on long-term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols such as Anti-Spam Research Group (ASRG), Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG), and Peer-to-Peer Research Group (P2PRG).

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

7 -1 application Presentation session Transport Network Data link Physical

TCIP/ IP Model Layer

4-1 application transport internet Network access

contains protocols used for process to process communications

application

provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services

presentation

provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange

session

defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices

transport

provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices

network

describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media

data link

describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device

physical

represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control

application (TCP/IP)

Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks

Transport(TCP/IP)

determines the best path through the network

internet

controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network

Network Access

divides the network access layer and the application layer of the TCP/IP model into multiple layers.

The OSI model

does not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium

The TCP/IP protocol suite

is the process of breaking up messages into smaller units

Segmenting

Segmenting messages has two primary benefits:

Increases speed Increases efficiency

Large amounts of data can be sent over the network without tying up a communications link

Increases speed

Only segments which fail to reach the destination need to be retransmitted, not the entire data stream.

Increases efficiency

is the process of numbering the segments so that the message may be reassembled at the destination.

Sequencing messages

is the process where protocols add their information to the data. is a top down process.

Encapsulation

PDUs passing down the stack are as follows:

Data (Data Stream) Segment Packet Frame Bits (Bit Stream)

Responsible for delivering the IP packet from original source to the final destination.

Network layer source and destination addresses

Responsible for delivering the data link frame from one network interface card (NIC) to another NIC on the same network.

Data link layer source and destination addresses

Timing and synchronization bits

Physical

Destination and source physical addresses

Data link

Destination and source logical network address

Network

Destination and source process number(port)

Transport

ENcoded application data

Upper layers

The IP address of the sending device, original source of the packet.

Source IP address

The IP address of the receiving device, final destination of the packet.

Destination IP address

The left-most part of the address indicates the network group which the IP address is a member. Each LAN or WAN will have the same network portion

Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6)

The remaining part of the address identifies a specific device within the group. This portion is unique for each device on the network.

Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)

is the router interface IP address that is part of this LAN and will be the “door” or “gateway” to all other remote locations.

default gateway (DGW)