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GLPH 171 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Proximal Factors Affecting Health

A

Individual Cultural Factors (family environment and lifestyle choices, social and communtiy network)

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2
Q

What is Culture?

A

A shared set of beliefs, ideas, values, and behaviours

i.e. and ideology linked to behaviour

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3
Q

What do members of a cultural group usually share

A

Common ideology and cosmology

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4
Q

Is Ethnicity the same as Culture

A

Related, but not identical

Ex. “Hispanic” ethnicity can include cultures such as: Mexican, Cuban, Salvadoran, Guatemalan, Venezuelan, etc.

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5
Q

How does Active Cognition relate to culture

A

Members of a cultural group may or
may not realize their actions and beliefs are being influenced by their cultural association

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6
Q

How do lifestyle features/behaviours impact social determinants

A
  • Nutrition and eating practices
  • Gender roles and activities
  • Tobacco or alcohol use
  • Social and sexual relationships and practices
  • Hygiene practices
  • Marriage rites
  • Funeral practices
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7
Q

how does culture negatively impact health

A

1) Food preferences (e.g., undercooked meats and fishes, unpasteurized milk)
2) Settlement patterns that can increase risk for the spread of infectious diseases (e.g., plague,
cholera)
3) Historical racism/Structural violence between cultural groups that can affect marginalized
groups’ safety/security and access to services & resources

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8
Q

how does culture positively impact health

A

1) Sardinian Inverse Transhumance which refers to Sardinian cattle grazing patterns that were adaptive to avoid peak mosquito concentrations to mitigate rates of malaria.
2) Vietnamese Stilt Houses that are built on stilt like structures to prop the house above the mosquito flight ceiling which protects people against malaria

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9
Q

Other than culture, what factors does SDOH encompass

A
  • Social connection
  • Social inclusion and non-discrimination
  • Income and social protection
  • Early childhood development
  • Education
  • Unemployment and job insecurity
  • Working life conditions
  • Access to affordable health services of decent quality
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10
Q

How is social conenction conveyed

A

Feelings of inclusion and support felt between poeple in relationships and communities

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11
Q

What did the “My Health My Community” survey find

A

Stronger social connections = Better physical and mental health

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12
Q

What was the impact of a strong sense of community

A

1) 2.6x more likely to report good/excellent general health
2) 3.2x more likely to report good/excellent mental health
3) 61% reported BOTH good/excellent physical & mental health

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13
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

An individual’s or group’s position within a hierarchical social structure.

derived from a combination of social and economic status

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14
Q

Socioeconomic Position

A

Refers to social and economic factors that influence what positions individuals or groups hold within the structure of a society

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15
Q

How is SES measured

A
  • Individual Indicators (education, occupation, income)
  • Area-Level Indicators (proportion of a pop)
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16
Q

What are individual indicators

A
  • persons education level
  • annual income
  • occuption/social “class”
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17
Q

What are area-level indicators

A

Measure SES of indivduals in certain areas
* proportion of a population with at least a high school level education
* proportion of a population working in manual labour positions
* average family income in a specific census subdivision

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18
Q

How to measure SES in childhood

A
  • Parental education and occupation
  • Household income
  • Household conditions
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19
Q

How to measure SES conditions in a young adult

20
Q

How to measure SES in a professionals life

A
  • Occupational social class
  • Unemployment
  • Income
  • Wealth, deprivation
  • Household conditions
  • Partner’s SES
  • Assets transfer occurring when starting a family
21
Q

How to measure SES in retirement

A
  • Wealth, deprivation
  • Household conditions
  • Assets transfer across generations occurring at death
22
Q

What aspects of individual identity have income levels been directly associated with

A

Race & Gender

23
Q

SES is largely connected to health outcomes via two pathways

A
  • Environmental resources and constraints pathway
  • Psycholgical pathways
24
Q

Environmental resources and constraints pathway

A

What higher or lower levels of SES allow access to in material senses

neighbourhood, social capital, work situation, family environment, social support, discrimination

25
Psycholgical pathways
How higher or lower levels of SES affect how people see themselves, abilities, experiences, control, and health ## Footnote resilience, anxiety/depression, lack of contorl, negative expectations, perceived discrimination
26
How does SES link to health outcomes
affect access to quality and effective medical care, exposures to pathogens and environmental carcinogens, health-related behaviours, and the central nervous systems and endocrine responses to stress
27
What is the **critical period explanation**
Early life **influences** influences later outcomes ## Footnote Ex. exposure to environmental chemicals during brain development
28
**Pathway Explanation**
Early **experiences** set individuals on different health trajectories ## Footnote ex. early exposure to domesteic violence could result in psychological and mental health outcomes
29
**Cumulative Explanation**
**Day to day exposure to adversity** cna lead to adverse healht outomes over time ## Footnote ex. minor food insecurity as a child can impact health and development and create physical/mental issues
30
What are critical periods that have SES infleunces
1. Critical period 2. Pathway 3. Cumulative
31
Allostasis
Adaptation in face of stress
32
Allostatic load
"wear and tear on body" | increases as individual is exposes to repeated/ chronic stress
33
Psychosocial factors related to SES at younger ages can affect ## Footnote parental resources and education interat with an individuals genetic and dispositional differences
neuroplasticity of the brain ## Footnote stress that affects limbic regions of the brain (this area mediates allostatic control systems)
34
Limbic regions of the brain regulate
neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune systems
35
What do the neuroendocrine, autnomic, and immune system control
areas of human physiology such as **metabolic processes**, the **cardiovascular system**, and the **immune system** | also shape our behaviours
36
How is neuroplasticity affected by lower SES
Negatively affect flexiability and adaptablility of limbic region --> impair body's abiltiy to handle stress (allostatic control) --> **wear and tear of allostatic load increase health issues**
37
Adverse Community Environments
social support is not available and safety isnt assured | can lead to premature death later in life
38
SDOH Associated With Income | Income is a key social determinant
* Higher educational achievement * Better housing * Improved access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene * Improved access to health services * Safer work environments
39
Intergenerational effects | education is a key social determinant
how a parent’s education affects children’s health
40
What's directly associated with educational attainment levels
Health Literacy Health Behaviours
41
Weaknesses of Occupation as a Social Indicator
* Gender patterns * Doesnt capture those unemployed, retired, students * Variation in one type of occupation
42
What is the Whitehall study 1 and 2
Enrolled thousands of civil servants of different varieties and followed them over many years to study their health outcomes, time, and cause of death.
43
5 things that have health inequalities
1) Levels of Power and Resources 2) Levels of Exposure to Health Hazards 3) Impacts of Health Hazards 4) Impacts of Being Sick 5) Expeirences in Early Childhood
44
Social Staircase
**Bottom**: low quality food, less education, insufficient housing, very little power **Middle**: shorter life span, less healthy compared to top **Top**: higher quality food, better education access, good housing and power
45
3 Area's for critical action (adressing SDOH)
1) living conditions 2) policy and resources 3) problem solving and action

GLPH 171 (6 decks)

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