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GLPH 171 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Health Status Indicators

A

Markers/Measurment tools that allow for common measurement across boundaries

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2
Q

_________ is usually easier to measure than morbidity

A

Mortality

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3
Q

The number of deaths of infants under the age of 1 per 1000 live births in a given year

A

Infant mortality rate

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4
Q

The average number of years a newborn baby would be expected to live if the current mortality trends remained for the rest of the newborn’s life

A

Life expectancy at birth

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5
Q

The number of women who die as a result of complications due to pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births in a given year

A

Maternal mortality ratio

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6
Q

The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1000 live births in that same year

A

Neonatal mortality rate

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7
Q

The probability that a newborn infant will die before reaching the age of 5, expressed as a number per 1000 live births

A

Under-5 mortality rate

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8
Q

2 main categories of methodologies

A

Quantitative & Qualitative Studies

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9
Q

Quantitative

A

Data expressed as NUMBERS

clos-ended questions

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10
Q

Qualitative

A

Data expressed as words or images

open-ended questions

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11
Q

Environmental determinants of health

A

-Geography
-Nature Environment
-Built environment
-Food systems
-Macro-environemnts*

*governance, climate change, natural disasters

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12
Q

Enviromental Health Burdens

A
  • Poor sanitation services/lack of clean water access
  • Air pollution (indoor and outdoor)
  • Inadequate housing/shelter
  • Changing land use and climate affecting all aspects of life including food production and
    access, culture, and livelihoods
  • Pollution and exposure to toxics in the environmen
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13
Q

Common enviromental factors associated with disease

A
  • Indoor smoke
  • Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene
  • Urban air pollution
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13
Q

Types of air pollutants

A

-Ultra fine airborne pollutants (from smoke and fumes)

Enter lungs –> cross blood barrier affecting cognitive development –> Cross placenta affecting fetal development

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14
Q

Outdoor air pollution

A

Worse in lower-income URBAN communities

urban means city

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15
Q

Indoor Air Pollution

A

Worse in lower income RURAL

rural means country

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16
Q

Particulate Matter

A

-LESS THAN 10 microns in dimater
-Block/inflame nasal & bronchial passages

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17
Q

Other Pollutants

A

-Ozone (O3)
-Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
-Sulfur diozide (SO2)

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17
Q

How are most indoor air pollutants emitted

A

Burning solid fuels, indoors for heating & cooking purposes

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18
Q

Health Risks of Burning Solid (biomass) Fuels Indoors

A

CO = acute poisoning
Smoke can irritate respiratory

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19
Q

Main cause of indoor air pollution

A

Smoke from cooking and heating fires

Leads to: Issues in birth, child mortality, issues in brain development

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20
Q

What % of Europe using solid fuels for cooking & heating

A

less than 5%

exposes fewer than 3 million children

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21
Q

What % of Afria using solid fuels for cooking & heating

A

95%

exposes 352 million children

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22
Q

INDOOR air pollution is mainly caused by

A

smoke from cooking and heating fires

23
Indoor air pollution disproportionately affects who?
Women & Children
24
How does Air Pollution Affect Women and Children
1) Issues in Birth (miscarriage, early delivery, low birth weight) 2) Child Mortaility (responsible for 10% of mortality of children under 5) 3) Issues in Brain Development (harms healthy children's brains)
25
Low and middle income countries are responsile for what % of air pollution deaths
Outdoor air pollution: 88% Indoor air pollution: 99%
26
How does air pollution affect **urban populations**
INCREASED exposure to industrial sites, smoldering dumps, and electrical generators
27
How does air pollution affect **rural populations**
INCREASED exposure to unventilated homes and smoke-producing cook stoves
28
How does air pollution affect **Refugees and Migrant Families**
INCREASED exposure to tents filled with wood smoke and lack of adequate housing, heating systems, and healthcare while in migration or resettlement
29
What populations does **air pollution affect**
urban, rural, refugee and migrant
30
Aggravating and intersecting factors that affect **air pollution**
Lack of Access to healthcare Climate Change
31
**Causes** of unsafe water
* Pollution, contamination, and toxic exposure * Inadequate sanitation and waste disposal * Poor hygiene practices that do not stop the spread of infectious disease
32
**Consequences** of unsafe water
* Diarrheal illnesses such as gastroenteritis (an intestinal infection) and cholera * Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue (a viral disease), and schistosomiasis
33
**WATER RELATED INFECTIOUS** | *important
* Water-Borne * Water-Washed * Water-Based * Water-Releated Insect Vector
34
**Water-Borne**
Transmitteed through ingestion of water ex. cholera
35
**Water-Washed**
Result from poor personal hygiene due to inadequate supply of clean water ex. hepatitis A
36
**Water-Based**
Transmitted through an aquatic intermediate host ex. schistomiasis or Guinea worm
37
**Water-Related Insect Vector**
Transmitted by insect that depend on water to reproduce ex. mosquitoes that transmit malaria or dengue
38
Schistosomiasis ("snail fever")
Water-based infection with aquatic intermediate host
39
Life Cycle of **schistosomiasis**
1) **maturation**: mature flukes reside within blood vessels of intestine of human host 2) **reproduction and excretion**: mature flukes sexually repduce in human host. Fertilizied eggs are excreted from host into water source via feces 3) **egg development: **fertilizied eggs develop into ciliated larvae (miracidium) within the water source. This larvae infects snail hosts 4) **asexual reproduction:** miracidium asexually reproduces within the snail, developing into a type of motile larvae (circarium) 5) **infection of human host**: larvae penetrates skin and blood vessels of humans in direct contact with a water source. The schistosoma eggs can cause allergic reactions in humans, resulting in ascites | https://onq.queensu.ca/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=978 ## Footnote pp33
40
What First Nation community has unsafe drinking water advisory since 1999
Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg
41
Global region with the most individuals lacking access to clean drinking water
East Asia and the Pacific
42
What aspects of housing can affect a persons health
1) **Internal Housing conditions **(biological, chemical, physical) 2) **Area Characteristics** (social benefits, location) 3) **Housing Tenure** (pyschological benefits, financial dimensions)
43
Housing and Living Spaces Impacts on Health
1)Pollutants 2)Building Materials 3)Mold.bacteria 4)Cleaning Products 5)Fumes 6)Gases 7)Cigarettes 8)Solvents 9)Irritants 10)Fireplace
44
Types of Homelessness
* Unsheltered * Hidden (temporarly live with family or friends)
45
Core housing need is the term used if one or more of these items exist
1. Lack of Affordability 2. Lack of Suitability (overcrowding) 3. Lack of Adequacy (lack full bathroom)
46
Specific aspects of a neighbourhood can affect a person’s health
1) Physical Features 2) Availability of Health Environments 3) services Provided 4) Socio-Cultural features 5) Reputation of an Area
47
Food Desert
Unhealthy food is more convenient
48
What is global health impacted by
1) Natural Disasters 2) Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (violence, damage of societies and economies, needed for humanitarian assistance)
49
Rainbow Model (determinants of health)
1) age, sex, consitutional 2) lifestyle 3) social & community 4) living & wokring conditions 5) socio-economic, cultural, environment
50
Biomass Fuel
Any material dervied from plants or animals (generates energy)
51
Solid fuel
solid mateiral used to generate energy
52
Which country has most deaths linked ot outdoor and indoor air pollution
Asia, africa on the rise
53
What are aggravating and intersecting factors | for pollution
1) lack of access to healthcare 2) climate change
54
What is wrong wiht the drinking water in the Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg community
Unacceptable levels of uranium in groundwater
55
Residential Seperation
Spatial separation of 2+ social groups (ex. race, ethic origin) within a specified geographic area
56
Issues becoming more prevalent due to climate change
Lyme disease Exo-anxiety Worse enviro. allergies Asthma
57
Maslows Hierarchy of needs
1) physiological 2) safety and secuirty 3) love and belonging 4) self-esteem 5) self-actualization

GLPH 171 (6 decks)

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