MODULE 3

Question 1

__ the ability of the soil to supply essential nutrients to plants in sufficient and balanced amount and proper form

Answer 1

SOIL FERTILITY

Question 2

What are the two aspects of the ability of the soil to supply essential nutrients to plants?

Answer 2

1. Elements should be in proper amount
2. Elements should be in their proper forns

Question 3

Plant growth is limited by that nutrient present below the minimum requirement.

Answer 3

LIEBIG’S LAW OF MINIMUM

Question 4

Plants, just like humans require certain elements for normal growth. When any of these are left out the plant will develop definite symptoms related to its shortage.

Answer 4

Plant Nutrients

Question 5

Plant Nutrients are classified into ?

Answer 5

Primary Nutrients, Secondary Nutrients, Trace Elements

Question 6

What are the primary nutrients?

Answer 6

• (N) Nitrogen
  • (P) phosphorus
• (K) Potassium

Question 7

What are the Secondary Nutrients?

Answer 7

• Calcium
- Magnesium
- Sulfur

Question 8

What are the Trace elements ?

Answer 8

• Chlorine
  • Boron
• Iron
• Molybdenum
• Manganese
  • Zinc
• Copper

Question 9

____ are needed in relatively large amounts by plants.

Answer 9

Macronutrients

Question 10

What are the elements under macronutrients?

Answer 10

*Oxygen
*Hydrogen
* Carbon
*Nitrogen
*Nitrogen
*Phosphorus
*Sulfur
*Potassium
*Calcium
*Magnesium

Question 11

What are the elements under the Micronutrients?

Answer 11

*Iron
*Manganese
*Boron
*Molybdenum
*Copper
*Zinc
*Chlorine

Question 12

__ are needed in relatively small amounts by plants. And they usually supplied by fertilizers.

Answer 12

MICRONUTRIENTS

Question 13

Ionic form of NO3-, NH4+ ?

Answer 13

Nitrogen

Question 14

Ionic form of H2PO-, HPO4=.?

Answer 14

Phosphorus

Question 15

Ionic form of K+

Answer 15

Potassium

Question 16

Ionic form of Ca++

Answer 16

CALCIUM

Question 17

Ionic form of Mg++

Answer 17

Magnesium

Question 18

Ionic form of SO4 2

Answer 18

Sulfur

Question 19

Ionic form of Mn++

Answer 19

Manganese

Question 20

Ionic form of Fe++

Answer 20

Iron

Question 21

Ionic form of BO3=

Answer 21

Boron

Question 22

Ionic form of Zn++

Answer 22

Zinc

Question 23

Ionic form of Cu++

Answer 23

Copper

Question 24

Ionic form of MoO4=

Answer 24

Molybdenum

Question 25

Ionic form of Cl-

Answer 25

Chloride

Question 26

What are the NUTRIENT ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION BY PLANTS ?

Answer 26

1. Mechanisms of nutrient movement to roots 2. Active and passive uptake 3. Nutrient mobility 4. Nutrient translocation and assimilation

Question 27

• Nitrogen, Sulfur, Chloride, Boron • Not held tightly by soil • Plants can use nearly all of the nutrient if supply is limited

Answer 27

Mobile

Question 28

• Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Copper, and Molybdenur • Tightly held by soil • Nutrients absorbed from soil solution next to roots

Answer 28

Immobile

Question 29

These processes are non-selective and do not require energy from metabolic reactions in the cell.

Answer 29

Passive uptake

Question 30

___ occurs outside the casparian strip and plasmalemma as a barrier to diffusion and ion exchange.

Answer 30

Passive uptake

Question 31

transport of ions into the inner cells require energy due to the higher concentration of ions beyond the plasmalemma and into the cytoplasm which is against an electrochemical gradient.

Answer 31

Active uptake

Question 32

Entry of ions into the impermeable membranes of the other organs within the complex derives energy from metabolism.

Answer 32

Active uptake

Question 33

The process is selective in that specific ions are transported by specific carriers.

Answer 33

Active uptake

Question 34

Plant cells are negatively charged, thus anions must move against an electrochemical gradient.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

___ usually appear on the plant when one or more nutrients are in short supply.

Answer 35

Nutrient deficiency symptoms

Question 36

In many cases,____ may occur because an added nutrient is not in the forn the plant can use.

Answer 36

deficiency

Question 37

Deficiency symptoms for specific elements are included on the "Key to Nutrient Disorders".

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Every soil is not susceptible to the same nutrient deficiencies.

Answer 38

true for Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms

Question 39

_____low in organic matter are susceptible to ____ deficiencies whereas ___ is usually in adequate supply in clayey soils or soils high in organic matter.

Answer 39

1. coarse-textured soils 2. sulfur 3. sulfur

Question 40

• General chlorosis. • Chlorosis progresses from light green to yellow. • Entire plant becomes yellow under prolonged stress. • Growth is immediately restricted and plants soon become spindly and drop older leaves.

Answer 40

Deficiency Symptoms - N

Question 41

• Leaves appear dull, dark green, blue green, or red-purple, especially on the underside, and especially at the midrib and vein. • Petioles may also exhibit purpling. Restriction in growth may be noticed.

Answer 41

Deficiency Symptoms - P

Question 42

• Leaf margins tanned, scorched, or have necrotic spots (may be small black spots which later coalesce). • Margins become brown and cup downward. • Growth is restricted and die back may occur. • Mild symptoms appear tirst on recently matured leaves.

Answer 42

Deficiency Symptoms - K

Question 43

• Growing points usually damaged or dead (die back). • Margins of leaves developing from the growing point are first to turn brown.

Answer 43

Deficiency Symptoms - Ca

Question 44

• Marginal chlorosis or chlorotic blotches which later merge. • Leaves show yellow chlorotic interveinal tissue on some species, reddish purple progressing to necrosis on others. • Younger leaves affected with continued stress. • Chlorotic areas may become necrotic, brittle, and curl upward. Symptoms usually occur late in the growny season.

Answer 44

Deficiency Symptoms - Mg

Question 45

• Leaves uniformly light green, followed by yellowing and poor spindly growth. • Uniform chlorosis does not OCCL

Answer 45

Deficiency Symptoms - S

Question 46

• Leaves wilt, become chlorotic, then necrotic. • Wilting and necrosis are not dominant symptoms.

Answer 46

Deficiency Symptoms - Cu

Question 47

• Distinet yellow or white areas appear between veins, and veins eventually become chlorotic. • Symptoms are rare on mature leaves.

Answer 47

Deficiency Symptoms - Fe

Question 48

• Chlorosis is less marked near veins. • Some mottling occurs in interveinal areas. • Chlorotic areas eventually become brown, transparent, or necrotic. • Symptoms may appear later on older leaves.

Answer 48

Deficiency Symptoms - Mn

Question 49

• Leaves may be abnormally small and necrotic. • Internodes are shortened.

Answer 49

Deficiency Symptoms - Zn

Question 50

• Young, expanding leaves may be necrotic or distorted followed by death of growing points. • Internodes may be short, especially at shoot terminals. • Stems may be rough, cracked, or split along the vascular bundles.

Answer 50

Deficiency Symptoms - B