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Chemistry > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify signs of a chemical change

A

Signs of Chemical Change:
- Evolution of a gas
- Formation of a precipitate
- Colour change
- Significant temperature change
- Production of an odour
- Dissolution of a solid

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2
Q

Define synthesis

A

Synthesis is when at least 2 substances combine to form a new substance

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3
Q

Define decomposition

A

Decomposition is when a reactant is broken down into at least 2 products

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4
Q

Identify forms of decomposition

A

Forms of Decomposition:
- Thermal decomposition – heat energy
- Electrolysis – electrical energy
- Decomposition by light energy

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5
Q

Define combustion

A

Combustion is the process of burning a fuel - usually a hydrocarbon - in the presence of oxygen, releasing thermal energy

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6
Q

Identify the chemical equation of combustion

A

Chemical Equation of Combustion: Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Gas → Carbon Dioxide + Water

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7
Q

Define complete combustion

A

Complete Combustion occurs when oxygen is plentiful and produces carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Define incomplete combustion

A

Incomplete Combustion occurs when oxygen is limited and produces carbon monoxide

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9
Q

True or False. When the amount of oxygen is less than 50% of the required amount for the reaction to combust completely, methane can be produced from larger hydrocarbons

A

True

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10
Q

Define precipitation reaction

A

Precipitation Reaction is the process of mixing 2 transparent ionic solutions to form a precipitate

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11
Q

Define spectator ions

A

Spectator Ions are ions that are not involved in the formation of a precipitate – eliminated in net ionic equations – aqueous for reactants and products

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12
Q

Neutral Species Equation →…

A

Neutral Species Equation → Complete Ionic Equation → Net Ionic Equation

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13
Q

Define the SNAAP Rule

A

SNAAP Rule – All of the initials are soluble; never form a precipitate
- Sodium
- Nitrate
- Ammonium
- Acetate
- Potassium

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14
Q

Define neutralisation equation

A

Neutralisation Reaction is a reaction between an acid and base of equal magnitude on the pH scale

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15
Q

Identify the chemical equation for neutralisation

A

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

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16
Q

Identify the chemical equations for acid + metal carbonate

A

Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Acid + Metal Hydrogen Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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17
Q

Identify the chemical name for limewater

A

Calcium Hydroxide

18
Q

Define limewater test

A

Limewater Test detects the presence of carbon dioxide gas

19
Q

Define pop test

A

Pop Test detects the presence of hydrogen gas

20
Q

Identify a toxic food source for the Indigenous population

A

The fruit of the cycad

21
Q

Outline the process of how the Indigenous population removed the toxins from the cycad

A

The poison within the fruit was removed through:
- Leaching: The kernels are cut open, grounded, and soaked in water – the toxins are soluble in water
- Fermentation: The kernels are stored in a moist environment for months till fermentation
- Straining: The kernels are put in dilly bags and placed over running water to strain the toxins
- Heated and Dried: Increases solubility of toxins and denatures toxic proteins

22
Q

Identify the chemical reaction for metal + water

A

Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen Gas

23
Q

Identify the chemical reaction for metal + aqueous acid

A

Metal + (Dilute) Acid → Salt + Hydrogen Gas

24
Q

Outline when metal and metal ions react

A

Metal only reacts with metal ions if the metal is more reactive, displacing the ions

25
Q

Define activity series of metals

A

Activity Series of Metals is a ranking of reactivity of metals in a descending order

26
Q

The reactivity of metals can be explained by which periodic trends?

A

Interdependence of Reactivity of Metals and Trends within the Periodic Table:
- Atomic Radius
- Ionisation energy
- Electronegativity

27
Q

Define redox reaction

A

Redox Reaction is a reaction where oxidation and reduction occurs simultaneously in each individual half equation – involves the transfer of electrons

28
Q

Define oxidising agent

A

Oxidising Agent is a chemical that oxidises other chemicals; itself is reduced

29
Q

Define reducing agent

A

Reducing Agent is a chemical that reduces other chemicals; itself is oxidised

30
Q

Identify the rules of oxidation number

A

Rules of Oxidation Number:
- The oxidation number of an element is zero
- The oxidation number of a simple ion is the charge
- Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 when it forms compounds with non-metals except in metal hydrides – the oxidation number of hydrogen is −1

  • Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of −2 except in compounds with fluorine, where oxygen has a positive oxidation number. In peroxides, oxygen has an oxidation number of −1
  • The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is zero
31
Q

Define galvanic cell

A

Galvanic Cell is a type of electrochemical cell in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy

32
Q

Define anode

A

Anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs at the anode; electrons leave the electrode

33
Q

Define cathode

A

Cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs at the cathode; electrons enter the electrode

34
Q

Identify the purpose of the salt bridge

A

The salt bridge – internal circuit – maintains electrical neutrality by:
- Cations from the salt bridge move towards the cathode
- Anions from the salt bridge move towards the anode

35
Q

Calculate the voltage produced by a galvanic cell

A

The voltage (E0) = E0 of the cathode - E0 of the anode

36
Q

State the collision theory

A

Collision Theory states for a reaction to occur, the reactant particles must:
- Make contact (collide) with each other
- Collide with sufficient energy to break bonds within the reactants
- Collide with the correct orientation to break the bonds within the reactants to allow the formation of new products

37
Q

Define activation energy

A

Activation Energy is the minimum energy that a collision must possess for a reaction to occur

38
Q

Calculate the rate of reaction

A

Rate of Reaction = ΔConcentration / Time

39
Q

Outline the factors for the rate of reaction

A

The rate of reaction is affected by:
- Temperature – increases the proportion of molecules that have energy exceeding the activation energy
- Surface Area – increases the exposed area for collisions
- Concentration – increases the amount of molecules
- Use of a catalyst – reduces the activation energy

40
Q

Define enthalpy

A

Enthalpy (ΔH) is the total energy possessed by a substance

Chemistry (7 decks)

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