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Human Physiology 1 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

membrane potential

A

difference between the total charge inside and outside of a cell
ion movement

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2
Q

electrical neutrality

A

equal number of negative and positive charges on both sides -> no potential

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3
Q

what factors determine the movement of ions across membranes

A

concentration gradient
electrical gradient
membrane permeability
electrochemical gradient ( concentration + electrical gradients)

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4
Q

what direction does neutrality moves

A

high to low

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5
Q

factors of membrane potential

A

separation of charge across a membrane
ion concentration (numbers of cations and anions in ICF and ECF)
membrane permeability

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6
Q

when is a membrane potential is generated

A

when electrical forces are unequal

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7
Q

Which ion has a high concentration at ECF

A

Na+

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8
Q

which ion has a high concentration at ICF

A

K+

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9
Q

what are excitable cells

A

nerve cells or muscle cells that produce rapid and transient change in their resting membrane potential when excited

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10
Q

what happens when a electrical signal is being sent

A

sodium goes in the cell, potassium goes out

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11
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of K+

A

-90mV

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12
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of Na+

A

+60mV

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13
Q

what is the threshold potential to activate action potential

A

-55mV

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14
Q

graded potential

A

short distance signals
allows sodium in the cell to initiate a spark
makes inside more positive and diffuse

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15
Q

principles of neural communication

A

neural cells does neural communication by receiving a signal, initiate/ elaborate a message and transmit a message

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16
Q

polarization

A

charges are separated across the membrane
there is membrane potential

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17
Q

depolarization

A

reduction in the magnitude of the negative potential
membrane is less polarized than under resting conditions
less charges are separated
positive charge going up

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18
Q

repolarizatioin

A

polarizes back after depolarization event
return to resting potential

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19
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in magnitude of the negative potential
membrane is more polarized under resting conditions
downward movement
more charges are separated across membrane

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20
Q

action potential

A

long distances
singular part of a time, local
brief, rapid, large amplitude
inside becomes more positive than the outside

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21
Q

triggering event

A

temporarily depolarized region = active area

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22
Q

what happens at threshold potential

A

Na+ gated channel opens and increases Na+ permeability which results in Na+ influx
increase positive charge in the cell

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23
Q

how do Na+ channels close

A

Na+ channels open fast and close fast
when opened rapidly, it initiate the closing process but closing process is 0.5msec slower than when it opens
the channel stays close until it’s back to resting value

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24
Q

how do you bring action potential back to resting potential

A

allow K+ out of hte cell

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25
Q

why can’t action potential hit above +30mV

A

Na+ closes and we’re letting positivity out (k+)

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26
Q

what happens in each heartbeat

A

arterial pressure
allows sodium in and enough of it will create a spike

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27
Q

refractory period

A

cannot have another action potential after one has happened

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28
Q

absolute refractory period

A

period where another action potential cannot happen
Na+ channels are just opened or inactivated
stimulus given cannot create another action potential

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29
Q

relative refractory period

A

second action potential can be generated if stimulus is stronger than usual

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30
Q

what restores the balance after action potential occurs

A

ATPase pump
it pumps out 3 Na+ and 2K+ in to balance the ICF and ECF
restores electrical gradient during resting potential

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31
Q

dendrites

A

long extensions of membrane, receives the stimuli and neurotransmitters

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32
Q

what are the generated graded potentials

A

input zone, trigger zone, conducting zone, output zone

33
Q

input zone

A

located in dendrites and cell body
part where incoming signals from other neurons are received

34
Q

trigger zone

A

located in axon hillock
where action potential is initiated
highest density of voltage- gated Na+ channels

35
Q

conducting zone

A

located in axon
conducts action potentials over long distances

36
Q

output zone

A

located in axon terminals
releases a neurotransmitter that influences other cells

37
Q

how does action potential propagate

A

contiguous conduction
saltatory conduction

38
Q

contiguous conduction

A

propagation of action potential along every patch of membrane down to the axon

39
Q

saltatory conduction

A

relevant to myelinated fibres
covered by myelin at regular intervals along the length of the axon
electrical impulse jumps from node to node

40
Q

what is myeline made of

A

80% phospholipids and 20% proteins = insulator
laid down schwann cells and oligodendrocyte
occurs in 1mm chunks

41
Q

synapses

A

excitatory neurons
junction between axon terminals from pre synaptic neuron and dendrites from post synaptic neuron

42
Q

types of synapses

A

chemical
electrical

43
Q

electrical synapses

A

physical connections, pre and post synaptic cells are joined through gap junctions

44
Q

what is the process of chemical synapses

A

action is propagated to the terminal of presynaptic neuron
Ca2+ gated channels open and enter the synaptic knob in the presynaptic terminal. this triggers teh fusion of synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters
neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on postsynaptic neuron
specific ion channels open in the subsynaptic membrane

45
Q

why is synaptic cleft curved like a bowl

A

increase the surface area to fit more neurotransmitter on the cleft
more neurotransmitters will increase potential to influence the next neurotransmitter

46
Q

what are snares

A

snares are proteins that mediate vesicle fusion. it fuses when calcium binds to synapototagmine and it will move vesicles to the membrane to exocytose

47
Q

types of subsynaptic receptors

A

ionotropic receptors
metabotropic receptors

48
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

receptor itself can be an ion channel

49
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

receptor indirectly acts on an ion channel

50
Q

what do metabotropic receptors do

A

neurotransmitters can bind to G protein and they communicate to an ion channel

51
Q

what are ligand gated channels

A

channels that chemically gated channels that allow two or more ions to pass the membrane of the channel pore

52
Q

excitatory synapses

A

synapse where action potential in presynaptic neuron increases the probability of action potential in postsynaptic neuron
postsynaptic response in neurotransmitter is depolarization

53
Q

EPSP

A

slight depolarization
graded potential that will have a gradual decrease spread along local current

54
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

K+ and Cl- channels can open
postsynaptic neuron that decreases the chance of getting action potential

55
Q

IPSP

A

hyperpolarize membrane by increasing permeability to K+ and Cl-

56
Q

what is the eqilibrium potential of Cl-

A

-65m/v

57
Q

what happens when neurotransmitter activate IPSP

A

K+ and Cl- move down their concentration gradient (K+ out, Cl- in)
K+ moves out because equilibrium is -90mV so it wants to make inside more negative
Cl- moves in because of concentration gradient (move out to in) is greater than electrical gradient which causes hyperpolarization

58
Q

can Cl- be both inhibitory and excitatory

A

yes
inhibitory - through IPSP, it hyperpolarize by going in cell via active transport
excitatory - through EPSP, it depolarize by moving out the cell via active transport

59
Q

example of Cl- inhibiting neurons

A

tick medications for pets inhibit active Cl- transport to interfere with neural function
tick meds target chloride transporters

60
Q

what happens if neurons don’t have active transport for Cl-

A

passive transport
naturally, Cl- will try to go inside cell
Cl- will move whatever direction that will bring cell to -70mV
the movement of Cl- helps stabilize membrane potential from reaching threshold from leaky ions

61
Q

synaptic delay

A

reaction depends on factors of synapses (time to get action potential, how long the neuron is, time at synapse)

62
Q

why does synaptic delay happen

A

it sends an electrical signal from presynaptic neuron and chemically converts through neurotransmitter receptor combination, and post sypnatic neuron will receive that electrical signal

63
Q

what is the synaptic delay time

A

0.5-1msec for 1 synapse

64
Q

what happens if the neurotransmitter stays bound to the receptor

A

altered permeability will persist (ipsp, epsp)

65
Q

what is transient event

A

it’s the binding that could not reset a neuron for a new signal

66
Q

what happens when the neurotransmitters are removed from the cleft

A

number of occupied receptors will decrease

67
Q

steps of neurotransmitter removal

A
  1. reuptake
  2. diffuse away from receptor site and cleft
  3. enzymatically transformed into inactive substances
68
Q

reuptake

A

actively transported back into the presynaptic axon terminal

69
Q

what is synaptic integration

A

sum of hte grand post synaptic potential

70
Q

what is the grand postsynaptic potential (GPSP)

A

sum of IPSP and EPSP

71
Q

temporal summation

A

enough excitatory synapses fire rapidly will increase membrane potential
firing at the same time will never increase the membrane potential

72
Q

spatial summation

A

electrode will detect twice the positivity
sodium accumulation can lead to action potential
firing multiple synapses or fire synapses faster will achieve this

73
Q

what is presynaptic inhibition

A

influences the axon axon response by inputting inhibitory neuron, making it less likely to fire action potential

74
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord
no nerves
receives input (PNS) and makes decision

75
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerve fibres
highway that receives the signals
connection between the CNS and effectors/ receptors located in other parts of the body

76
Q

afferent

A

enter PNS
from receptor to CNS

77
Q

efferent

A

exit PNS
carried out from CNS to muscles/ glands (effectors)

78
Q

efferent division of PNS

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

79
Q

what are interneurons

A

it is neurons that link between afferent and efferent systems
integrates peripheral response to peripheral information
sensory receptor is temperature and touch sensitive

Human Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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