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Human Physiology 1 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of blood

A

transport nutrients

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2
Q

how much does blood represent in our bodyweight

A

7-8%

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3
Q

what is hematocrit

A

percentage of blood that are cells, percent by volume

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4
Q

average volume of blood in women

A

5 L, 42% hematocrit

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5
Q

average volume of blood in men

A

5.5L, 45% hematocrit

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6
Q

what does the centrifuge do

A

separates components of blood
top is plasma
bottom is formed blood

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7
Q

what are the three types of cellular elements suspended in plasma

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

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8
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, important in O2 transport

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9
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells, immune system’s mobile defence units

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10
Q

what are platelets

A

cell fragments, important for hemostasis and for blood clots

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11
Q

what are the blood’s physiological roles

A

carry
regulate
protect

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12
Q

what happens when core temperature drops

A

cardiovascular system will leave the blood and go to the core and the brain

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13
Q

what does plasma contain

A

water, electrolytes, nutrients, waste, gases, hormones

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14
Q

what is plasma proteins

A

exert osmotic effect
buffers pH changes
distributes ECF between vascular and interstitial compartments

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15
Q

what are albumins

A

transport substances, contribute most to colloid osmotic pressure
non specific

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16
Q

what happens when you have low albumins

A

water leaves the blood and goes to ECF. Skin gets puffy

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17
Q

What are globulins

A

Specific. it has 3 types. Alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha and beta transport water soluble substances
Gamma are antibodies

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18
Q

What are fibrinogen

A

it’s its own protein. An inactive precursor for a clot’s fibrin meshwork

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19
Q

what are the functions of plasma proteins

A

dispersed as colloid
buffer protons
doesn’t diffuse through capillary wall because of size
partially responsible for plasma’s capacity to buffer changes in pH
all synthesized by liver except the gamma globulins

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20
Q

what produces gamma globulins

A

lymphocytes

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21
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells with concave discs that provides larger surface area to diffuse O2 across membrane

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22
Q

what is the primary role of hemoglobin

A

carry O2, each molecule can transport 4 o2 molecules

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23
Q

does heme only bind with O2

A

no. can bind with other stuff such as Co2, CO, NO2, acidic hydrogen ion portion of ionized carbonic acid

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24
Q

what does mature erythrocytes not have

A

nucleus, organelles, or ribosomes

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25
Q

what enzymes do mature erythrocytes have

A

glycolytic enzymes, carbonic anhydrase

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26
Q

what are glycolytic enzymes

A

generate energy to fuel active transport mechanisms to maintain proper ionic concentrations within cell
relies on glycolysis

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27
Q

what are carbonic anhydrase

A

they are enzymes that help with CO2 transport

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28
Q

what are erythropoiesis

A

new cells that are produced to replenish dying cells because red blood cells can’t divide

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29
Q

describe the process of erythropoiesis

A

pluripotent stem cells -> myleoid stem cells -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

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30
Q

what can pluripoten cells do

A

has the potential to go into different stem types

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31
Q

which process in erythropoiesis is where the cell is committed to its lineage

A

myeloid stem cell

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32
Q

where does erythropoeisis occur

A

red bone marrow

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33
Q

what detects lack of oxygen in blood

A

kidneys

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34
Q

what does kidneys do after detection

A

releases erythropoietin, simulate bone marrow and start erythropoiesis to increase O2 carrying capacity

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35
Q

are all proteins antigens

A

no

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36
Q

are all antigens proteins

A

yes

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37
Q

what are antigens

A

large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry to body

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38
Q

what antigen and antibody does Blood Type A have

A

Antigen - A
Antibody - B

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39
Q

what antigen and antibody does Blood Type AB have

A

Antigens - A and B
Antibody - none

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40
Q

what antigen and antibody does Blood Type B have

A

Antigens - B
Antibody - A

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41
Q

what antigen and antibody does Blood Type O have

A

Antigens - none
Antibody - A and B

42
Q

what happens if you transfuse the wrong blood

A

white blood cells go and clump in capillaries when antibodies in red blood cells are labelled to be destroyed, which will lead to symptoms like stroke

43
Q

what is the Rhesus blood type

A

it is a CDE system that contains 50 antigens in 5 major antigen groups (C,c,D,E,e)

44
Q

what does the d antigen stand for

A

people that lack the Rh factor

45
Q

which antigen is commonly found

A

Rh D antigen

46
Q

what happens if you don’t have D antigen

A

you don’t have antibodies against Rh factor

47
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells that are the body immunes system
colourless (lack hemoglobin)

48
Q

functions of leukocytes

A

defend, clean up, wound healing and tissue repair, and identifies and destroys cancer cells

49
Q

5 major different types of circulating leukocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes

50
Q

what are granulocytes

A

they are cells that contain granules (can see dots)

51
Q

what consists 60-70% in leukocytes

A

neutrophils

52
Q

what are neutrophils

A

phagocytic specialists and that engulfs and destroys bacteria intracellularly
releases web of extracellular fibers called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that has bacteria killing chemicals

53
Q

which are polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

eosinophils, basophils

54
Q

what are polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

multiple nucleus granulocytes

55
Q

what are mononuclear granulocytes

A

one nucleus granulocytes

56
Q

what are eosinophils

A

kills antibody coated parasites through release of granule contents

57
Q

what are basophils

A

chemotactic factor production
it synthesizes and stores histamine and heparin

58
Q

what is histamine

A

chemical that is released in allergic reactions

59
Q

what is heparin

A

speeds up removal of fat particles from blood after fatty meal

60
Q

what are mononulcear cells

A

agranular but has a granule that isn’t visible
lives for several months to years
it can die earlier if they continue to perform phagocytosis

61
Q

what is the precursor to macrophages

A

monocytes

62
Q

who are the first to sense invading microorganisms

A

macrophages

63
Q

what are cytokines

A

warning agents for the body that there are invading microorganisms

64
Q

what are two types of lymphocytes

A

large granular lymphocytes (natural killer cells)
small lymphocytes (adaptive immune response)

65
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

in the innate response
releases lytic granules to kill infected cells
produce cytokines to prevent virus from infecting

66
Q

what are small lymphocytes

A

in the adaptive response
produces cytokine and antibodies, recognizes antigen and memorizes virus, and cytotoxicity

67
Q

what are the types of small lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

68
Q

what are B lymphocytes

A

produces antibodies to fight foreign substance. has humoral (blood) immunity

69
Q

what are T lymphocytes

A

no antibodies
binds and kills target cells by releasing chemical to punch holes in victim cell
binds antigen to kill infected cells

70
Q

what is immunity

A

body’s ability to protect itself by resisting or eliminating foreign invaders or abnormal cells

71
Q

what are the immune system activities

A

defend against pathogens
remove worn out cells and tissues
identify and destroy abnormal and mutant cell originated in body

72
Q

what are the external defenses

A

mechanical, chemical, microbiological

73
Q

what are the mechanical defenses

A

epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

74
Q

what are the chemical defenses

A

antimicrobial peptides

75
Q

what are the microbiological defenses

A

normal microbiota

76
Q

what are the internal tissues

A

lymphoid tissues

77
Q

what tissues produce, store and process lymphocytes

A

bone marrow
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
tonsils
adenoids
apendix
gut associated lymphoid tissue (Galt)

78
Q

what does the spleen do

A

resident macrophages removes microbes and debris, worn out red blood cells from blood

79
Q

what is the innate response

A

born with it, doesn’t need to learn, non selective
first line of defense

80
Q

what are the defenses in innate response

A

inflammation, interferons, NK cells, complement system, dendritic cells

81
Q

what is adaptive responses

A

not born with, adapted by infection, selective

82
Q

what happens in inflammation

A

recruits phagocytes to injured or invaded area
isolate, destroy, or inactivate invaders
remove debris
heal and repair

83
Q

what is endogenous pyrogen

A

induces fever in body
activates hypothalamus to increase systemic heat

84
Q

what do cytokines do

A

trigger natural self destruct pathways
endogenous pyrogen
decrease plasma concentration of iron
stimulate release of acute phase proteins in liver
trigger clotting and anticlotting systems

85
Q

what is the ultimate goal of innate immunity

A

tissue repair

86
Q

what happens to non regenerative tissue in innate immunity

A

because it is hard to replace, cytokines activate fibroblasts to lay down collagen to hold the tissue together, hence the scar

87
Q

what happens if someone has prolonged, unwanted, chronic inflammation

A

can lead to chronic diseases and autoimmune disorders because your body is always in inflammation

88
Q

what is the complement system

A

complement proteins remove the ability of what goes in and out of a pathogen’s plasma membrane, leading to to no equilibrium and killing the pathogen

89
Q

what are the mechanisms of activation in the complement system

A

spontaneous activation on microbial surfaces
binding to carb chains present on surfaces of microorganisms (not on human cells)
activated by antibody binding to antigens on pathogens

90
Q

how does complement system cause destruction of pathogens

A

forms membrane attack complexes (MACs) that punches holes in pathogen
opsonization

91
Q

what is opsonization

A

enhances uptake of pathogen by phagocytes

92
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

star shaped cells that resides in tissues
it drinks fluid in interstitial state, scans for pathogens, breaks pathogens down to present to T cells
acts as antigen presenting cells (APC)

93
Q

when are T cells activated

A

when they see mature dendritic cell in lymph nodes

94
Q

what are t lymphocytes

A

cells that binds to antigens and releases chemicals to kill targeted cells
carries out cell mediated immunity

95
Q

how do T cells kill foreign cells

A

binds to foreign antigens and activates to kill it
t cell receptors takes the foreign peptide fragment that’s bound to self proteins (Major Histocompatibility complex)

96
Q

two classes of adaptive immunity

A

antibody (b cells)
cell mediated immunity (t cells)

97
Q

what are antigens

A

large, foreign, unique complex molecules that induces immune response against itself
mostly protein

98
Q

what is clonal selection

A

lymphocytes with receptors that recognize specific antigens will proliferate (increase in numbers)

99
Q

what does adaptive immunity achieve

A

it achieves immunological memory towards a foreign antigen and provides protective immunity against it

100
Q

how does your body make an immunological memory

A

b cells are specific to antigens
b cells will proliferate plasma cells and bring those antibodies in the rough ER to put into memory

101
Q

what are b lymphocytes

A

bind and block virus to invade or proliferate
recruits macrophage by tagging pathogens

102
Q

what are the functions of antibodies

A

activate complement system
neutralization
opsonization

Human Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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