Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PD 200 - POLICE PSYCHOLOGY > MODULE #3 > Flashcards

MODULE #3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

stress

2

A

(1) is “the body’s response to a real or perceived threat … meant to get people ready for some kind of action to get them out of danger”
(2) Stress is a psychophysiological response to external or internal stimuli that can be emotional, mental, or physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

psychophysiology

A

refers to the study of the interaction between behaviours and psychological mechanisms and the functioning of the nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

2

A

(1) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for regulating automatic or involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
(2) controls the fight-or-flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

the body’s response to internal or external stressors and involves the decision to either flee from danger or respond with aggression to protect one’s self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

According to Dempsey and Forst (2014), research on police stress has identified four general categories of stress associated with policing which are:

A

(1) External Stress
(2) Organizational Stress
(3) Personal Stress
(4) Operational Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

External Stress

A

This refers to the threats and dangers experienced in enforcing law violation and interacting with individuals suspected of committing crimes including critical incidents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organizational Stress

A

This refers to aspects of the police organization, or workplace conditions, which may cause stress including shift work, poor training, lack of job opportunities, or lack of job satisfaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Personal Stress

A

This refers to stress produced by the interpersonal characteristics of belonging to police organization, such as difficulties in getting along with other officers or the impact of policing on relationships with family members.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Operational Stress

A

This refers to stress produced by the day-to-day operations of police work such as interactions with a clientele that includes mentally ill, homeless, and drug-addicted individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Critical Incident Stress

A

refers to the psychophysiological, psychological, physical, and emotional reactions that may occur in an individual who has been involved in a traumatic incident (e.g., police officer responding to a fatal car crash)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to Griffiths (2013) some of the psychological effects of critical incident stress can include: (5)

A

(1) Depression
(2) Guilt
(3) Nightmares
(4) Flashbacks
(5) Heightened perception of danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

suicide by cop

A

refers to a situation in which a person wishing to die places an officer in a life-threatening situation in order to force the officer to use deadly force to protect him or herself or other individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tired Cop Syndrome

A

refers to a level of fatigue similar to jet-lag due to shift work that is experienced by police officers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Summary of Research Studies on Fatigue and Policing: Sleep Disorder, Health, and Safety in Police Officers
(Rajaratnam, Barger, Lockley, Shea, et al., 2011)

(2)

A

(1) The researchers conducted a study of approximately 5000 Canadian and U.S. police officers to determine whether there was an association between the risk for sleep disorder and several health, safety, and performance outcome variables.
(2) Sleep disorders were commonly reported by the officers and there were significant associations between sleep disorders and physical and mental health as well as job performance and safety.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Summary of Research Studies on Fatigue and Policing: Shift Work and Sleep: The Buffalo Police Health Study
(Luenda, Burchfiel, Fekedulegen, Vila et al. (2007)

(2)

A

(1) The researchers examined the impact of shift work on a sample of 111 randomly selected police from Buffalo, New York.
(2) While statistically controlling for multiple factors that might influence sleep duration, the researchers found that shift work and late-night shifts were significantly related to decreased hours of sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two aspects of police culture did the authors of Psychosocial Culture & Pathways to Psychological Injury within Policing emphasize as important in their discussion of occupational stress?

A

(1) The emphasis on emotional control

(2) The lack of value placed on officers’ psychological health & safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What limitation of past research on police occupational stress do the authors of Psychosocial Culture & Pathways to Psychological Injury within Policing cite? What is the purpose of their study?

A

So far studies have not been able to capture the arguably dynamic nature of police stress, whereby work experiences accumulate and interact with each other, with factors in the work environment, and with existing levels of distress and vulnerability to give rise to psychological harm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of their study (Psychosocial Culture & Pathways to Psychological Injury within Policing)?

A

To unravel some of the complexity and identify better methods of psychological injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the methodology used in the study (Psychosocial Culture & Pathways to Psychological Injury within Policing)? (2)

A

(1) The participants had policing experience from the late 1970s until the present day within the largest of Australia’s State Police jurisdictions.
(2) The police force had undergone significant changes within the tenure of the longest serving participants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

? Who were the participants in (Psychosocial Culture & Pathways to Psychological Injury within Policing)?

(4)

A

(1) 25 current & former clients who had separated from the police force on medical grounds for psychological injury
(2) 19 (16 male/3 female) former officers were available for interview during nominated period
(3) ages ranged from 30 - 52 Years
(4) Prior to discharge, all of the officers had been employed full time in a range of frontline policing roles between 6 - 33 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How did the researchers collect data in Psychosocial Culture & Pathways to Psychological Injury within Policing?

(3)

A

(1) Utilized a semi-structured interview format to yield detailed information via 19 open-ended questions and 13 probing questions for greater depth.
(2) Interviews lasted approximately 90 minutes and were audio & video recorded and transcribed with permission
(3) A range of topics were covered including: motivation to join police force, value of recruit training, early experiences of police work, distressing organizational stressors encountered, developing evidence of psychological strain, direct and indirect support for work strains provided by the force, career terminating experiences of psychological injury, final exit circumstances and experiences, how psychological strains and injury might have been prevented, the inevitability of psychological injury within policing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Identify and describe the two stress trajectories identified by the authors in Psychosocial Culture & Pathways to Psychological Injury within Policing?

A

(1) Post-traumatic stress pathway

(2) erosive stress pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Post-traumatic stress pathway (3)

A

(1) involved exposure to a single over-whelming critical incident in which officers were (a) under extreme and immediate peril of their own lives with little to no control over the event; or,
(b) in direct contact with offenders or victims whose lives were threatened or lost in an horrific manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Erosive stress pathway

A

involved repeated and regular exposure to a range of events within a largely unsupportive organizational context characterized by socialization towards emotional control and a lack of psychosocial care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Griffiths (2013) has previously outlined four major sources of stress on Canadian police families

A

(1) being always on duty
(2) ever present potential for callouts
(3) RCMP transfer policy
(4) policing in the north

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

One article published by U.S. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) (2000), and housed on the NCJRS database, entitled On the Job Stress: Reducing It, Preventing It, identified several source of job-related stress felt by family members including the following:

(5)

A

(1) shift work and overtime
(2) fear for the safety of a spouse
(3) presence of a gun in the home
(4) Too much or too little discussion of the job
(5) problems helping the officer cope with stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

According to a National Institute of Justice Report in the United States, there are several consequences of job-related stress found in police officers:
(7)

A

(1) cynicism and suspicion
(2) reduced efficiency
(3) absenteeism and early retirement
(4) suicide
(5) Alcoholism and other substance use problems
(6) excessive aggressiveness
(7) post traumatic stress disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

3

A

(1) is a mental disorder involving exposure to a traumatic event (e.g., witnesses death, war, natural disasters, fatal accidents) that results in severe and intrusive anxiety- and fear-related symptoms.
(2) The diagnostic criteria for PTSD include intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in thoughts and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity to external events. (3) According to the Canadian Mental Health (1) Association (CMHA), individuals suffering from PTSD may feel ‘on edge’ all the time or disconnected from their emotions, and experience vivid flashbacks or nightmares.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is organizational commitment?

A

The relative strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in a particular organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What factors influence organizational commitment?

3

A

(1) A strong belief in and acceptance of the organization’s goals & values
(2) a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization
(3) A strong desire to maintain membership in the organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

According to Robert Agnew (2006), what are the three categories of strain?

A

1) the failure to achieve positively valued goals, which includes the gap between aspirations and
expectations, the gap between expectations and actual outcomes, and the gap between just/fair and actual outcomes,
2) the removal of positively valued stimuli, and
3) the presentation of noxious stimuli.

32
Q

Discuss Agnew’s category of strain in the failure to achieve positively valued goals

A

this strain may be even more aversive than the gap between aspirations and expectations because aspirations are idealized goals whereas actual outcomes and expectations are based more in reality.

33
Q

Discuss Agnew’s category of strain the removal of positively valued stimuli

(4)

A

(1) This occurs when a valued stimuli is taken away
from an individual.
(2) For example, this type of strain could occur when
there is a death of a loved one, a break up from a boyfriend/girlfriend, or something is stolen.
(3) This often creates a negative affective state or stress which creates pressure to alleviate the strain.
(4) In police work, many positively valued stimuli are removed from officers. Due to overtime, shift work, and the 24 hour/365 day a year nature of the job, officers often miss important family functions.

34
Q

Discuss Agnew’s category of strain presentation
of negative or noxious stimuli

(2)

A

(1) This occurs when an individual is presented with an aversive stimulus
(2) officers who are presented with negative stimuli (e.g., stressful encounters on the job, unclear working
conditions) are less likely to be committed to the organizations than those officers who work in agencies where these negative strains are absent.

35
Q

In the Moon & Jonson study, Describe the methodology used.

2

A

(1) Police personnel from multiple law enforcement agencies located within the Northern Kentucky area were surveyed.
(2) The surveys were distributed in person during and/or after roll call for each shift. A total of 180 law enforcement personnel completed the survey for a response rate of 91 percent.

36
Q

In the Moon & Jonson study, Describe the sample that was used.

(3)

A

(1) Although these departments were not randomly selected, the demographic characteristics of the participating agencies closely represent other agencies in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
(2) the characteristics of the officers who completed the survey are similar to those who declined participation; thus, selection bias does not appear to be present in this study.
(3) The sample included line officers, detectives, school resource officers, court services workers, and upper administration.

37
Q

In the Moon & Jonson study what measures were used?

5

A

(1) The gap between expectations and actual outcomes was measured with a two-item scale developed by Quinn and Shepard (1974).
(2) Respondents were asked “Knowing what you know now, if you had to decide all over again whether to take the job you now have, what would you decide?”
(3) and “In general, how well would you say that
your job measures up to the sort of job you wanted when you took it?”
(4) With scores ranging from 1.00 to 3.00 and a mean of 1.42,
(5) higher scores indicate a larger gap between expectations and actual outcomes potentially leading to less organizational commitment.

38
Q

In the Moon & Jonson study what independent variables were used?

(3)

A

(1) Failure to achieve positively valued goals: The gap between expectations and actual outcomes
(2) Removal of positively valued stimuli
(3) Presence of noxious stimuli

39
Q

In the Moon & Jonson study what dependent variable were used?

A

Organizational commitment

40
Q

How were the three types of strain related to organizational commitment among police officers in the study?

(3)

A

(1) a significant, negative relationship was found between the failure to achieve positively valued goals and organizational commitment. The data revealed that organizational commitment decreased as the gap between expected and actual outcomes became larger. Thus, officers are more committed to their
agency when their actual job and what they expected the job to be are harmonious.
(2) a moderate negative relationship existed
between the removal of positively valued stimuli. When officers perceive that more positively valued stimuli are being removed from their lives (e.g., their job results in them spending time away from their families), they become less committed to the agency. In more positive terms, when officers’ jobs do not interfere with their home lives, they are more strongly committed to their
department.
(3) variables that measured the presentation of negative stimuli were also statistically significant. The higher the number of stressful encounters officers experienced, the greater their commitment to their agency. Work role/responsibilities was the strongest predictor of organizational commitment. More ambiguous experiences with work roles and responsibilities resulted in less organizational commitment. In other words, officers are more committed to their agency when they clearly understand their work roles and responsibilities.

41
Q

Several studies suggest that relative to the general population police officers experience higher levels of mental health issues and have a lower overall life expectancy (Steinkopf, Hakala, & Van Hasselt, 2015). These mental health challenges generally stem from what two sources?

A

(1) Occupational stress

(2) Police subculture

42
Q

Occupational stress as related to mental health functioning

A

the various organizational and personal stressors associated with policing can produce a variety of mental health symptoms.

43
Q

Police subculture and mental health functioning (5)

A

(1) the values that can emerge from the police subculture can produce and/or exacerbate adverse mental health symptoms.
(2) cynicism and mistrust of outsiders have been identified as characteristics of the police subculture.
(3) Consistent with this observation, research on police attitudes towards mental health professionals and psychological services have found that police officers are generally neutral but still exhibit more negative attitudes than the general population.
(4) The most common predictor of negative attitudes towards psychological services among police officers is a mistrust of outsiders or an “us vs. them” attitude.
(5) This subcultural value can have the effect of discouraging officers from seeking help and ultimately isolating them.

44
Q

Most traumatic incidents in policing fall into one of three categories:

A

(1) Incidents involving injury or violence to the police officer or others
(2) Incidents associated with major disasters involving serious injuries or fatalities
(3) Incidents involving public disorder

45
Q

two additional mental health issues relevant to policing

A

(1) Secondary or Vicarious Trauma and

(2) Suicide.

46
Q

Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) (4)

A

(1) refers to “a set of psychological symptoms that mimic post-traumatic stress disorder, but is acquired through exposure to persons suffering from the effects of trauma”.
(2) STS has also been referred to as vicarious trauma or compassion fatigue.
(3) STS essentially emerges from the experience of viewing and helping people who have experienced traumatic events and the often inevitable empathy that first responders have for the people they help.
(4) Simply put, police officers and other emergency first responders are frequently exposed to the trauma and suffering of others, which can produce similar mental health problems as directly experiencing the traumatic event.

47
Q

Badge of Life organization

A

a North American police mental health organization

48
Q

in Police Quarterly, researchers identified several protective factors associated with police suicide. These factors are:
(5)

A

(1) Access to quality healthcare
(2) Restricted access to highly lethal means
(3) Strong support network
(4) Skillfulness in conflict resolution, nonviolent problem solving
(5) Belief system discouraging suicide

49
Q

in Police Quarterly, researchers identified several RISK factors associated with police suicide. These factors are:
(10)

A

(1) Diagnosed mood disorder or personality disorder; Recent major depressive episode
(2) Alcohol or substance abuse
(3) Traumatic exposure
(4) Impulsivity and access to lethal means
(5) History of attempts, exposure to suicide clusters, suicide in the family
(6) Major loss
(7) Low social support or isolation
(8) Reticence to seek help
(9) Poor access to care
(10) Belief system accommodating suicide

50
Q

Research professor John M. Violanti (2007) has written extensively on the subject of police suicide. According to Violanti:

(2)

A

(1) the coping strategies learned by police officers in their training and those strategies encouraged by the policing subculture contribute to a higher risk for some officers.
(2) has proposed that police officers cope with stress and trauma by “over-committing” to their policing role and, as a result, view things in a more “black-and-white” manner.

51
Q

The Badge of Life has outlined two approaches to suicide prevention

A

(1) Emotional Self-care Training (ESC)

(2) Suicide prevention

52
Q

Emotional Self-care Training (ESC)

2

A

(1) A training program designed to teach all officers general coping strategies and stress relief practices
(2) Annual mental health check-ins

53
Q

Suicide Prevention

A

A traditional prevention program designed to identify those officers most at risk and provide them with immediate intervention and resources

54
Q

In regards to Secondary Traumatic Stress among Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force & personnel, what is Secondary traumatic stress (STS)?

(2)

A

(1) A constellation of symptoms that mimic PTSD but result from indirect exposure to trauma
(2) Also has been referred to as Compassion fatigue

55
Q

In regards to Secondary Traumatic Stress among Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force & personnel, to what extent is STS observed in other helping professions?

(3)

A

(1) Research has shown that between 15% and 38% of social workers experience moderate to high levels of STS
(2) Among substance abuse counsellors approximately 19% met the criteria for PTSD as a result of their work with traumatized clients, and STS was was found to be related to lower job satisfaction and job commitment
(3) Sexual assault and domestic violence counsellors showed evidence of STS, such as anger and fear due to their work, and their work stress was more likely to carry over into their personal lives

56
Q

In regards to Secondary Traumatic Stress among Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force & personnel, what research questions were addressed in the study?

(3)

A

(1) To what extent do ICAC personnel exhibit symptoms consistent with STS?
(2) What coping mechanisms are related to STS in ICAC personnel?
(3) How is STS related to ICAC personnel’s work satisfaction and general worldview?

57
Q

In regards to Secondary Traumatic Stress among Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force & personnel, what sample was used?

(3)

A

(1) Invitation was emailed to 61 ICAC task force commanders to forward to potential participants in which the anonymity of the survey was highlighted.
(2) Indicated ICAC personnel were not required to take part in the survey as part of their official duties.
(3) Obtained 600 complete surveys through the internet-based data collection instrument

58
Q

In regards to Secondary Traumatic Stress among Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force & personnel, what measures were included? (2)

A

(1) In the questionnaire various items intended to identify factors that influenced STS levels, such as demographic information about participants.
(2) asked about race, gender, marital status, level of education completed, working in law enforcement, time in years working in the field of child exploitation, age & gender of the participants’ children, military service, and role within the ICAC community

59
Q

In regards to Secondary Traumatic Stress among Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force & personnel, what were the independent variables?

(18)

A

(1) COPE scales
(2) Supervisor’s support
(3) Coworkers’ support
(4) Social desirability score
(5) Physical activity level
(6) Difficulty working with disturbing media
(7) Frequency of contact with disturbing media
(8) Alcohol use
(9) Tobacco use
(10) Gender
(11) Race
(12) Marital status
(13) Have children
(14) Average years working in law enforcement
(15) Average years working in child exploitation
(16) Military service
(17) Role within the ICAC community
(18) Highest educational attainment

60
Q

In regards to Secondary Traumatic Stress among Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force & personnel, what were the dependent variables?

(5)

A

(1) STS score
(2) General distrust of the public
(3) Turnover intentions
(4) Job satisfaction
(5) Pride in one’s work

61
Q

The goal of psychological services is

A

To assess and assist with the mental health functioning and ensure officers can perform their duties both safely and effectively.

62
Q

The exact nature of services provided by psychologists in law enforcement is quite varied. In a review of existing practices, Steinkopf and his colleagues (2015) identified two general categories

A

Indirect interventions and direct interventions

63
Q

Indirect Interventions (3)

A

(1) Training and wellness programs
(2) Classroom-based, psycho-educational workshops designed to increase awareness of mental health symptoms and teach coping skills
(3) The general purpose of these programs is to enhance protective factors

64
Q

Indirect interventions (4)

A

(1) Individual counselling
(2) Critical Incident Debriefing approaches
(3) Peer Support Programs
(4) The general purpose is to direct specific interventions for officers who have been identified as at-risk

65
Q

fitness-for-duty evaluation (FFDE)

A

is “an investigation of an officer’s emotional stability following a traumatic event or a complaint lodged against him or her by another officer or civilian

66
Q

fitness-for-duty evaluation guidelines (3)

A

(1) Examination procedures
(2) types of tests
(3) outcomes

67
Q

fitness-for-duty evaluation - Examination procedures (3)

A

(1) at least one clinical interview with the officer
(2) interviews with coworkers, family members, and supervisors
(3) review of any supporting documentation (for example, past evaluations)

68
Q

fitness-for-duty evaluation - types of tests

A

(1) use of a battery of empirically validated psychological tests
Eg. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory – 2 (MMPI-2)
Eg. Officer evaluation scale

69
Q

fitness-for-duty evaluation - outcomes (2)

A

(1) provision of a written report of evaluation that includes specific recommendations
(2) possible recommendations: fit for duty, unfit for duty, modified duty

70
Q

critical incident stress management (2)

A

(1) is a multidimensional form of crisis intervention that is intended to stabilize and reduce serious mental health symptoms of a police officer that has experienced a recent critical incident
(2) is a targeted form of treatment that is explicitly for officers in distress immediately following a critical incident

71
Q

A CISMT approach is generally multidisciplinary

A

most programs will be comprised of a diverse “mental health team” that may include mental health counselors, department psychologists, and police officers trained to offer support

72
Q

one approach often employed in CISMT programs for emergency first-responders

A

Critical incident debriefing

73
Q

Debriefing (2)

A

(1) usually takes the form of short-term, small-group counselling sessions that encourage officers to discuss their experiences with peers.
(2) Among its goals a debriefing component would ultimately seek to encourage officers to develop coping strategies and recognize their mental health symptoms as a normal response to critical or traumatic incidents.

74
Q

CISMT approaches have been the subject of some criticism

5

A

(1) police officers are often skeptical of mental health services. To some extent this stems from the belief that exhibiting a “tough” exterior is necessary for the job and that seeking help is a form of “weakness.”
(2) there is some stigma associated with seeking mental health assistance
(3) the police subculture that pushes an “us and them” value system and views mental health professionals as “outsiders” with little understanding of the demands and stresses associated with law enforcement.
(4) argue that the approach fails to address the actual mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD, that may emerge following a critical incident.
(5) Empirical research on the effectiveness of stress management interventions also suggests that these approaches are ineffective

75
Q

This term refers to a set of psychological symptoms that mimic post-traumatic stress disorder acquired through exposure to persons suffering from the effects of trauma:

A

Secondary traumatic stress

76
Q

According to John M. Violanti (2007), some police officers are at a higher risk for suicide because:

A

They over-commit to their policing role

PD 200 - POLICE PSYCHOLOGY (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions