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Histology > module 2B - muscles, skin and neurohistology > Flashcards

module 2B - muscles, skin and neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

The primary tissue of motion wherein the fundamental protoplasmic property of contractility is highly developed

A

Muscular Tissue

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2
Q

muscular system develops from :

A) Endoderm
B) Ectoderm
C) Mesoderm

A

C) Mesoderm

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3
Q

The muscular system develops from the mesoderm, except for the _____________ which are neuroectodermal in origin

A

muscles of the iris

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4
Q

It form the skeletal muscles of the trunk

A) Myotubes
B) Mesenchymal cells
C) Myoblasts

A

C) Myoblasts

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5
Q

The limb muscles develop from

A) myogenic precursor cells in limb buds
B) mesoderm in the myotome regions of the somites
C) neuroectodermal in origin

A

A) myogenic precursor cells in limb buds

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6
Q

What is the first indication of myogenesis during the development of skeletal muscle?

A) Elongation of the cell bodies of mesenchymal cells
B) Elongation of the nuclei of the mesenchymal cells
C) Elongation of the nuclei and cell bodies of mesenchymal cells
D) Elongation of the cell bodies of mesenchymal cells as its nuclei diminished.

A

C) Elongation of the nuclei and cell bodies of mesenchymal cells

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7
Q

The primordial muscle cells

A) myotubes
B) mesenchymal cells
C) myoblasts

A

C) myoblasts

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8
Q

The fusion of cell and multinucleated cylindrical structures that can be seen during the development of skeletal muscle are called ________.

A

Myoblasts

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9
Q

In the thoracic and abdominal regions, the myotome divides into

A) hypomere and endomere
B) ectomere and hypermere
C) epimere and hypomere
D) mesomere and epimere

A

C) epimere and hypomere

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10
Q

The small dorsal portion in the division of myotome in the thoracic and abdominal area.

A) epimere
B) hypomere
C) ectomere
D) mesomere

A

A) epimere

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11
Q

The large ventral portion of the myotome in the thoracic and abdominal area

A) epimere
B) hypomere
C) ectomere
D) mesomere

A

B) hypomere

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12
Q

The epimere is supplied by the ______.

A

dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve

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13
Q

It will develop into the extensor muscles of the back

A) hypomere
B) myotubes
C) endomere
D) epimere

A

D) epimere

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14
Q

It is supplied by the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve and develop into the lateral and ventral flexor musculature

A

Hypomere

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15
Q

The following are the muscles invovled in the First pharyngeal arch EXCEPT

A) muscles of facial expression
B) anterior belly of the digastric muscle
C) tensor tympani
D) tensor palatini

A

A) muscles of facial expression (2nd pharyngeal arch)

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16
Q

The following are the muscles which consists the 2nd pharyngeal arch except

A) muscles of facial expression
B) posterior belly of the digastric and auricular muscles
C) stylohyoid and stapedius
D) muscle of mastication

A

D) muscle of mastication

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17
Q

Mandibular Arch and Trigeminal Nerve

A) 1st Pharyngeal Arch
B) 2nd pharyngeal arch
C) 3rd pharyngeal arch
D) 4&6 pharyngeal arch

A

A) 1st Pharyngeal Arch

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle develops from

A)splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the endoderm of the primordial gut and its derivatives
B) splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the developing heart tube
C)splanchic mesoderm surrounding the uterus

A

B) splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the developing heart tube

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19
Q

Cardia myoblasts differentiate from the ________

A) primordial myocardium
B) mesenchymal cells
C) myotubes

A

A) primordial myocardium

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20
Q

True/ false

Myoblasts adhere to each other but the intervening cell membranes do not disintegrate

A

True

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21
Q

Myoblasts adhere to each other but the intervening cell membranes do not disintegrate. These areas of adhesion give rise to _________.

A) A bands
B) I bands
C) intercalated discs

A

C) intercalated discs

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22
Q

The smooth muscle in the walls of many blood and lymphatic vessels arises from

A) somatic mesoderm
B) somatic ectoderm
C) somatic endoderm

A

A) somatic mesoderm

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23
Q

The muscles of the iris (sphincter and dilator pupillae) and myoepitheial cells in mammary and sweat glands are derived from the:

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm

A

B) ectoderm

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24
Q

In the development of smooth muscle, the myoblasts become ________ are derived but do not fuse. They remain _________

A) spindle-shaped; mononucleated
B) elongated; multinucleated
C) spindle-shaped; binucleated
D) elongated; mononucleated

A

A) spindle-shaped; mononucleated

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25
Q

True or False

Absence of one or more skeletal muscles is not common and not generally recognized.

A

False - Absence of one or more skeletal muscles is more common than is generally recognized.

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26
Q

Failure of normal muscle development may be widespread leading to immobility of multiple joints.

A) Congenital torticollis
B) Congenital arthrogryposis
C) Duchene’s Muscular Dystrophy

A

B) Congenital arthrogryposis

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27
Q

In Congenital arthrogryposis, the muscles involved are partially or completely replaced by

A) fats
B) fibrous tissue
C) Both A and B

A

C) Both A and B

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28
Q

Fixed rotation and tilting of the head due to fibrosis and shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on one side

A

Congenital torticollis

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29
Q

Composed of elongated cells in the axis of contraction and organized in long units of structure which are often referred to as
Muscle fiber and Intercellular substance

A

Muscle Tissue

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30
Q

the form of loose connective tissue found between the smooth muscle cells but it is more abundant between cardiac and skeletal muscle.

A) muscle fibers
B) intercellular substance
C) myofibrils
D) myotubes

A

B) intercellular substance

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31
Q

A rich network of capillaries and nerves are found in this connective tissue which also serve to bind together the muscle fibers.

A

Intercellular substance

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32
Q

The following are general characteristics of Muscle Tissue EXCEPT:

A) unit of structure is elongated in shape which is an adaptation to its function of contraction
B) sarcoplasm appears fibrillar due its contents of myofibrils
C) staining is basophilic because it has a distinct affinity to base stains
D) cells and fibers are bound together by varying amounts of areolar connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.

A

C) staining is basophilic because it has a distinct affinity to base stains

Correct: The staining is acidophilic or pinkish because it has a distinct affinity to acid stains.

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33
Q

Cytoplasm of muscle cells and fibers which are acid staining.

A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcoplasm
C) Sarcosome
D) Myofibrils

A

B) Sarcoplasm

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34
Q

Cell membrane complex consisting of an external coating of protein polysaccharide

A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcoplasm
C) Sarcosome
D) Myofibrils

A

A) Sarcolemma

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35
Q

Granules in the sarcoplasm which under the elerctron microscope is actually a mitochondrion

A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcoplasm
C) Sarcosome
D) Myofibrils

A

C) Sarcosome

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36
Q

Fine threadlike structures in the sarcoplasm which are responsible for muscle contraction. They may appear either striated or not.

A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcoplasm
C) Sarcosome
D) Myofibrils

A

D) Myofibrils

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37
Q

A linear unit which are membrane bound structures containing granules and sarcoplasmic reticulum, within the cytoplasm.

A) sarcomere
B) sarcosome
C) myofibrils
D) sarcoplasm

A

A) sarcomere

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38
Q

It refers to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which responsible for the release or uptake of calcium ions during contractions and relaxation of muscle, respectively.

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum

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39
Q

Striated, voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle

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40
Q

Composed of cylindrical cells that present cross striations whose contractions are quick, forceful and under voluntary control.

A

Skeletal Muscle

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41
Q

Striated, involuntary muscle.

A

Cardiac Muscle

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42
Q

Composed of cylindrical, branching cells that have cross striations whose contractions are rhythmic and under involuntary control.

A

Cardiac Muscle

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43
Q

Non-striated, involuntary muscle.

A

Smooth Muscle

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44
Q

Non-striated, involuntary muscle.

A

Smooth Muscle

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45
Q

Composed of fusiform-shaped cells which do not show cross striations and whose contractions are slow and under involuntary control.

A

Smooth Muscle

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46
Q

Composed of cylindrical muscle cells, which are referred to as “fibers” because of their shape in the light microscope.

A

Skeletal Muscle

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47
Q

Large numbers of parallel muscle fibers are grouped into fascicles or bundles.

A

Skeletal muscle

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48
Q

The entire skeletal muscle is enclosed by an external sheath of dense connective tissue called

A) epimysium
B) perimysium
C) endomysium

A

A) epimysium

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49
Q

In skeletal muscle, A thin septa of dense connective tissue that extend inward, surrounding bundles of fibers within a muscle is called

A) endomysium
B) perimysium
C) epimysium

A

B) perimysium

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50
Q

In skeletal muscle, each muscle fiber is surrounded by a delicate layer of loose connective called

A) endomysium
B) perimysium
C) epimysium

A

A) endomysium

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51
Q

The nuclei of the skeletal muscle cells are ________ and located _______

A) mononucleated; centrally
B) multinucleated; periphery or eccentrically
C) binucleated; periphery

A

B) multinucleated; periphery or eccentrically

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52
Q

In transverse sections, they are resolved as fine dots either uniformly distributed or grouped in polygonal areas called

A) Mesophragma
B) Triad
C) fields of Cohnheim

A

C) fields of Cohnheim

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53
Q

interpreted as shrinkage artifacts and have no functional significance.

A

fields of Cohnheim

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54
Q

Functional and structural unit of contraction in skeletal muscle.

A

Sarcomere

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55
Q

The dark bands which are refractile or birefringent under polarized light.

A) Mesophragma band
B) Isotrophic bands
C) Anisotrophic bands

A

C) Anisotrophic bands

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56
Q

light bands that do not alter polarized light.

A) intermediate disc of Hensen
B)Isotrophic bands
C) mesophragma bands

A

B)Isotrophic bands

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57
Q

Each I band (isotrophic band) is bisected by a dark transverse line called

A) Z line
B) H line
C) M line

A

A) Z line

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58
Q

defined as the segment between two successive Z lines

A

Sarcomere

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59
Q

True or false

The sarcomere is defined as the segment between two successive I lines and therefore includes the A band and half of the two contiguous z bands.

A

False - The sarcomere is defined as the segment between two successive Z lines and therefore includes the A band and half of the two contiguous I bands.

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60
Q

At the center of the A band is a pale zone called

A) I band (isotrophic band)
B) M band (mesophragma)
C) H band (intermediate disc of Hensen).

A

C) H band (intermediate disc of Hensen).

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61
Q

In the center of this H band is a narrow dark line, known as the;

A) I band (isotrophic band)
B) M band (mesophragma)
C) H band (intermediate disc of Hensen).

A

B) M band (mesophragma)

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62
Q

The depolarization of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, which results in the release of calcium ions, is initiated at a specialized __________, on the surface of the muscle cells.

A

myoneural junction

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63
Q

In the skeletal muscle, there are fingerlike invaginations of the sarcolemma that form a complex anastompsing network of tubules that encircle both A-I junctions of each sarcomere in every myofibril called __________.

A

system of transverse (T) tubules

64
Q

specialized complex, consisting of SR-T tubule – SR components, is known as the __________.

A

“triad of skeletal muscle.”

65
Q

In transverse sections, they are uniformly distributed in polygonal areas called Conheim’s area or fields of Conheim, believed to be a shrinkage artifact.

A

Myofibrils

66
Q

The interior of the muscle fiber is occupied by __________.

A

myofibrils

67
Q

Composed of spindle or fusiform shaped muscles which do not branch.

A

Smooth muscle

68
Q

Nucleus is single and situated in the middle bulging portion of the cells.

A

Smooth Muscle

69
Q

Capacity for regeneration is small, and great defects heal by scar formation.

A

Smooth muscle

70
Q

they can develop from perivascular mesenchymal cells.

A

Smooth muscle

71
Q

X linked recessive disease affecting boys which is associated with total absence of dystrophin, a protein of the membrane cytoskeleton that is necessary for stabilizing the cell membrane of all three types of muscle

A

Duchene’s Muscular Dystrophy

72
Q

Smooth muscle cells that lie between the glandular epithelial cells and the basal lamina of the secretory alveoli (acini) of salivary glands, lacrimal glands and mammary glands.

A

Myoepithelial cells

73
Q

They are also referred to as “basket” cells because of their branching, stellate shape and their position near the base of the alveolus.

A

Myoepithelial cells

74
Q

These cells expel the secretion from the acini to the ducts of the glands by contraction.

A

Myoepithelial cells

75
Q

The T tubule system is not regularly arranged as that seen in striated muscle.

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

76
Q

Although present, the calcium regulating sarcoplasmic reticulum is greatly reduced.

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

77
Q

They do not form a sarcomere

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

78
Q

Its myofilaments criss cross obliquely through the cell, forming a latticelike network

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

79
Q

Contraction of this muscle cells is relatively slow.

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

80
Q

These muscle cells may remain contracted for long periods without fatigue.

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

81
Q

These muscle cells can undergo partial or wavelike peristaltic contractions

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

82
Q

composed of spindle or fusiform shaped cells

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

83
Q

Contains one, centrally located, nucleus, arranged into layers or sheets and covered by connective tissue sheaths

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

84
Q

Can be found dispersed in the connective tissue of certain organs

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

85
Q

May be grouped to form a small bundle, like the arrector pili muscle in the skin and may be the predominant tissue, like the uterus.

A) skeletal muscle cell
B) smooth muscle cell
C) cardiac muscle cell

A

B) smooth muscle cell

86
Q

Termination of myelinated somatic motor nerve fibers on striated muscles

A

Motor End Plate

87
Q

This specialized junctional region at the termination of a motor nerve on skeletal muscle fibers is also termed as myo-neural junction.

A

Motor End Plate

88
Q

Consists of elongated muscle fibers that do not branch.

A) Skeletal Muscle
B) Cardiac Muscle
C) Smooth Muscle

A

A) Skeletal Muscle

89
Q

Striated myofibrils arranged in characteristic Kollickers columns.

A) Skeletal Muscle
B) Smooth Muscle
C) Cardiac Muscle

A

A) Skeletal Muscle

90
Q

Composed of striated, cylindrical, branching muscle fibers, with one or two nuclei located at the center, arranged in bundles or fasicles

A) Skeletal Muscle
B) Smooth Muscle
C) Cardiac Muscle

A

C) Cardiac Muscle

91
Q

Represent junctional complexes adjacent cardiac myocytes.

A

Intercalated discs

92
Q

Enumerate the three main junctional specialization within the intercalated discs.

A

–Fascia adfherens
–Desmosomes
–Gap junction

93
Q

the most prominent membrane specialization in the transverse portion of the disc.

A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions

A

A) fascia adherens

94
Q

Serves as anchoring sites for actin filaments of the terminal sarcomeres

A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions

A

A) fascia adherens

95
Q

Also known as fascia junctions

A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions

A

A) fascia adherens

96
Q

Bind the cardiac cells together to prevent their pulling apart under constant contractile property.

A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions

A

B) desmosomes

97
Q

Also known as maculae adherens

A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions

A

B) desmosomes

98
Q

On the lateral portion of the discs, which has ionic continuity between adjacent cells

A) fascia adherens
B) desmosomes
C) gap junctions

A

C) gap junctions

99
Q

Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent) division

100
Q

Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system

A

Motor (efferent) division

101
Q

Functional and structural unit of the nervous system.

A

Nerve Cell

102
Q

Enumerate the Three Major Parts of the Nerve Cell

A
  1. Cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon
103
Q

The cell body is also known as ______

A) soma
B) perikaryon
C) Both A & B

A

C) both A& B - soma & perikaryon

104
Q

Trophic and genetic center of a neuron.

A

Cell body

105
Q

The cell body has a nucleus that is spherical, usually large, pale staining, centrally located with a prominent nucleolus. It is describe to have a _______ appearance.

A) spoked- wheel
B) face like a clock
C) fish-eye

A

C) fish-eye

106
Q

The cell body’s cytoplasm contains Nissl’s granules, which are basophilic, due to

A) the abundance of granular reticulum and ribosomes.
B) the abundance of mitochondria and lipofushin
C) the abundance of neurofibrils and centrosomes

A

A) the abundance of granular reticulum and ribosomes.

107
Q

Short cytoplasmic processes that are specialized in receiving stimuli.

A) axon
B) dendrites
C) soma

A

B) dendrites

108
Q

Dendrites are found close to ______.

A) axon
B) terminal bouton
C) node of ranvier
D) soma

A

D) soma

109
Q

minute, tiny spines which serve as sites of synaptic contact.

A) gemmules
B) dendrites
C) axon

A

A) gemmules

110
Q

Axon is also known as ________

A) soma
B) axis cylinder
C) perikaryon

A

B) axis cylinder

111
Q

Which of the following DO NOT contain Nissl’s substance?

A) Soma
B) Dendrites
C) perikaryon
D) axon

A

D) axon

112
Q

It is a long cytoplasmic process that is specialized in conduction of action potentials.

A

Axon

113
Q

True/False

Usually, there are two axons per neuron.

A

False - Usually, there is one axon per neuron.

114
Q

Part of the perikaryon that leads directly into the axonal process

A) Initial Segment
B) Axon Proper
C) Axon Hillock
D) Terminal Arborization

A

C) Axon Hillock

115
Q

Part of the myelinated axon between the apex of the axon hillock and the beginning of the myelin sheath

A) Initial Segment
B) Axon Proper
C) Axon Hillock
D) Terminal Arborization

A

A) Initial Segment

116
Q

Main trunk of the axon, excluding the initial segment.

A) Terminal end bulb
B) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Proper
D) Axon Hillock

A

C) Axon Proper

117
Q

Also known as telodendroglia and it make synaptic contact

A) Terminal end bulb
B) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Proper
D) Axon Hillock

A

B) Terminal Arborization

118
Q

Contains abundant mitochondria and neurosecretory vesicles

A) Terminal end bulb
B) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Proper
D) Axon Hillock

A

A) Terminal end bulb

119
Q

Forms part of a synapse, the pre-synaptic membrane.

A) Terminal bouton
B) Terminal Arborization
C) Axon Proper
D) Axon Hillock

A

A) Terminal bouton

120
Q

Outermost covering of Axon

A

Henle’s Sheath

121
Q

Sheath of Schwann Cells

A

Neurolemmal Sheath

122
Q

Immediate covering of the axon

A

Myelin Sheath

123
Q

Sheath of key and retzius

A

Henle’s sheath

124
Q

Begin in the embryo as bipolar cells which are later fused to form a single T-shaped process.

A

Pseudo-unipolar

125
Q

two processes, a dendrite and an axon

A

bipolr neuron

126
Q

Found in the retina, olfactory mucosa, cochlear and vestibular ganglia of the inner ear.

A) bipolar neuron
B) pseudo-unipolar neuron
C) unipolar neuron
D) multipolar neuron

A

A) bipolar neuron

127
Q

More than two processes. Seen in the motor neurons of the CNS and the autonomic ganglia

A) bipolar neuron
B) pseudo-unipolar neuron
C) unipolar neuron
D) multipolar neuron

A

D) multipolar neuron

128
Q

Also known as afferent neuron.

A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron

A

A) Sensory neuron

129
Q

Also known as efferent neuron

A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron

A

B) Motor neuron

130
Q

Serves as linkage between afferent and efferent neurons

A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron

A

C) Association neuron

131
Q

Carries nerves impulses toward the center

A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron

A

A) Sensory neuron

132
Q

Carries impulses away from the center

A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Association neuron

A

B) Motor neuron

133
Q

This usually begins in the third week after an injury.

A

Nerve Regeneration

134
Q

Distal to the site of injury.

A) Primary Degeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration

A

B) Secondary Degeneration

135
Q

Neurites grow 3–4 mm/day distally, guided and then myelinated by the Schwann cells.

A) Primary Regeneration
B) Secondary Regeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration

A

C) Nerve Regeneration

136
Q

Schwann cells proliferate and phagocytose the degenerated tissues and invade the remaining endoneural sheath

A) Primary Degeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration

A

B) Secondary Degeneration

137
Q

Proximal to the site of injury

A) Primary Degeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration

A

A) Primary Degeneration

138
Q

There is an incomplete degeneration. The Perikaryon enlarges and chromatolysis or dispersal of Nissl’s substance occur. The nucleus moves to eccentric position

A) Primary Degeneration
B) Secondary Degeneration
C) Nerve Regeneration

A

A) Primary Degeneration

139
Q

The changes in the primary degeneration takes place within

A) 5days
B) 2 hrs
C) 2days
D) 2weeks

A

D) 2weeks

140
Q

The changes in the secondary degeneration takes place within

A) 3-5 days
B) 1-2 days
C) 2-3days

A

C) 2-3days

141
Q

Sequence of depolarization or impulse transmission travels along the axon away from the cell body.

A) Saltatory conduction
B)Antidromic spread
C)Orthodromic spread

A

C)Orthodromic spread

142
Q

Impulse travels toward the cell body

A) Saltatory conduction
B)Antidromic spread
C)Orthodromic spread

A

B)Antidromic spread

143
Q

Depolarization of myelinated axons occur only at the nodes of Ranvier

A) Saltatory conduction
B)Antidromic spread
C)Orthodromic spread

A

A) Saltatory conduction

144
Q

Portion of the terminal bouton membrane closest to the target cell

A

Pre synaptic membrane

145
Q

Fluid filled space that guide the neurotransmitter across the gap

A

Synaptic cleft

146
Q

Portion of the plasma membrane of the next neuron or target cell.

A

Post synaptic membrane

147
Q

ability to respond to stimuli

A

Irritability

148
Q

In netve regeneration, the proximal stump of the axon gives rise to a protrusion of smaller processes termed _______.

A

Neurites

149
Q

Important supportive cells of the CNS.

A

Astrocytes

150
Q

Form and maintain the myelin sheath in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

151
Q

Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

A

Ependymal cells

152
Q

Also known a neurolemma

A

Schwann cells

153
Q

gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

154
Q

Capable of secreting myelin sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

155
Q

Also known as peripheral nerves

A

Nerve

156
Q

Group of nerve fibers outside the CNS which contain myelinated axons, Schwann cells and fibroblasts

A

Nerves

Histology (3 decks)

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