Module 2b: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society: Information Age Flashcards
The network externality effect.
A phenomenon wherein the value of a good or service improvement depends on the increased demand of people or participants who want to avail it.
Information Age
“If nobody has one, it’s useless.”
“If everyone has one, it’s indispensable.”
These are mass reproduced text and images from a master form or template.
Print Media (Mass Media)
Before 220 AD in China (Print Media)
Woodblock Printing
1040 AD - movable type invented by (Print Media)
Bi Sheng
15th century - printing press was invented by
Johannes Gutenberg
It used oil-based ink, and softer and more absorbent paper. Compared to its predecessors, this was faster and more durable.
Printing press in 15th century
It made use of storage media so that it may be re-accessed.
It was first used about late 19th century.
Recordings
e.g. gramophone records, magnetic tapes, cassettes, cartridges, CDs, DVDs
Story conveyed with moving image.
Film
Movie cameras take rapid sequence of photographs, the series of images are called
______ and will be played back in a movie projector at a specific frame rate; this
creates the illusion of motion.
Frames
It is a one-way transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience using radio waves.
Radio
Discovered radio waves in 1886.
Heinrich Hertz
Developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers around 1895-6 (which is used commercially at 1900)
Guglielmo Marconi
It is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images (usually with sound).
Television
Coined the term television.
Constantin Perskyi
It was during this time that television was used the primary medium for influencing public opinion.
Since about 1950
It is the global system of interconnected computer networks that communicate between networks and devices.
Internet
Development of packet switching, and research commissioned by the United States Department of Defense to enable time-sharing of computers.
1960s
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks.
The first public packet-switched computer network.
1970s
Funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone and private funding for other commercial extensions, opened it to worldwide participation and merger of many networks.
1980s
It allows phone calls be more mobile and made available across a wide geographic area.
Mobile Phone
In 150 B.C., a Greek historian, documents first known system for transmitting arbitrary message.
Arbitrary, the meaning of linguistic signs is not predictable from its word form, nor is the word form dictated by its meaning/function.
Polybius
True or False:
Beacons are defensive communications.
True
Beacons are used to signal with fire to give warning to the citizenry of an approaching enemy.
Chalk marks (scratches on wall), Roman Numerals (I, II, V, etc.), Decimal System
Counting
Calculation of products and quotients of numbers
Napier’s Bones
Positional Math (Computing aids)
Abacus
The Father of the Computer and conceived the idea of Analytical Engine.
Charles Babbage
The Mother of Programming and known as the first computer programmer.
Wrote the program for the analytical engine even
though it was never utilized or tested.
Ada Lovelace
Developed the Boolean Algebra (built on premise that everything can be expressed in terms of true/false; basis for use of binary arithmetic in computer)
George Boole
Invented a series of machines based on punched cards and became the head of Census and later formed Tabulating Machine Company (which was
to become IBM).
Herman Hollerith
What is ABC?
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
The Father of Modern Computer and invented ABC together with Clifford Berry.
John V. Atanasoff
Due to war, ISU forgot to register patent, after lawsuit in 1973, ABC is recognized as the
First Electronic Digital Computer
What is ENIAC?
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
Was established by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. The direct ancestor to modern computers and able to solve a large class of numerical problems through reprogramming.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator).
Its data and instructions
are in same memory. Everything goes through CPU (Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Von Neumann Architecture
Constructed by Wilkis, he was a
student of Mauchly & Eckert and familiar with Von Neumann.
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
First computer to be able to store a program in memory (beat US by few months).
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
First commercialized computer.
One of the “first generation” of computers.
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
It is a “computer on a chip”, an integrated circuit that has all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. One of its main innovations is having high integration.
Microprocessors
Who is one of the inventors of Microprocessors?
Marcian “Ted” Hoff
It states that the number of transistors on a microchip double about every two years, though the cost of computers is halved.
The law is said to reach its physical limits at some point in the 2020s. This is because the high temperatures of transistors eventually would make it impossible to create smaller circuits.
The reason for this was because cooling down the transistors takes more energy than the amount of energy that already passes through the transistors.
Moore’s Law
A personal computer that was too expensive to gain traction.
Used as a prototype for a laptop concept for education.
Has Graphic User Interface (GUI), Object oriented programming, networking.
It inspired Mac and Windows.
Xerox Altos (1975)
It was named after Star Trek destination, the first popular microcomputer sold for personal use and invented by Edward Roberts.
Altair 8800
Founded by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and Ronald Wayne, belonged to one of earliest and most active computer clubs.
One of their marketing strategies is to give them to schools, then students (and parents) will want to buy them for home
Apple Computers
First floppy disk
1971
Electronic spreadsheet - VisiCalc Apple skyrockets
1978
Commercial word processor - WordStar
1979
IBM (International Business Machines Corporation)) personal computer
shipping rate rose to 1 million units/mo.
1981
LOTUS 1-2-3 comes to market.
Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software.
1983
