Module 2.3: Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Top Down Processing

A

Using existing models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information.

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2
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

Taking sensory information and then assembling and integrating it.

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3
Q

The Gestaltists

A

Koffka, Kohler and Wertheimer : The German psychologists who studied perceptual organisation and the Law of Pragnanz (patterns).

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4
Q

4 Principles of the Law of Pragnanz

A
  1. Law of Proximity
  2. Law of Similarity
  3. Law of Continuation
  4. Law of Closure
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5
Q

Encoding

A

Transforming perception into memories.

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6
Q

Storage

A

Maintaining memories over time (sensory storage, short-term storage and working memory, long-term storage). Once information has been successfully encoded, it is stored for later use.

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7
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting information out of memory and back into conscious awareness.

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8
Q

Short-Term Memory / Working Memory

A

Our ability to temporarily hold, organize, and manipulate information simultaneously.

The short term memory has a very limited capacity of about 6 to 7 items.

It is fragile and short-lived.

  • It is required during processing information.
  • It is fragile, short lived (20 – 30 seconds)
  • Limited in capacity.
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9
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

This lasts a lifetime, and contains all the memories that we have experienced. In terms of capacity, it is unlimited.
Can be recalled back to conscious awareness, as needed.

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10
Q

Declarative Memory

A

This is a type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience. It is a memory system that is controlled consciously, intentionally, and flexibly. It generally involves some sort of effort or intention.

Declarative memory generally declines with age.

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11
Q

Non-Declarative Memory

A

This is a type of long-term memory related to skilled actions, such as knowing how to brush your teeth, drive a car, touch-typing. it is revealed through actions, rather than conscious recollection. Non-declarative memory remains stable with age.

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12
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Type of declarative memory.

We use this when we recall knowledge and facts.

Eg. Knowing the capital cities of certain countries.

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13
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Type of declarative memory.

We use this when we recall information about events we have personally experienced.

Eg. Remembering what you’ve eaten yesterday, the conversations you had, etc.

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14
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Type of declarative memory.

We use this when we recall meaningful personal experiences.

Resembles episodic memory but differs in that episodic memory tends to be concerned with relatively trivial experiences.

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15
Q

Priming

A

Type of non-declarative memory.

Cues that prompt the retrieval of memory. Priming helps trigger associated concepts or memories, making retrieval process more efficient.

A memory that builds on an another memory through associations. Semantic priming refers to facilitation in the processing of a word when it is preceded by a related word.

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16
Q

Procedural

A

Type of non-declarative memory.

“Muscle memory” after the task is well learnt, it becomes automatic. Eg. Typing, Walking, Riding a bike, Swimming

17
Q

Conditioning

A

Type of non-declarative memory.

Memory for association, formed between two stimuli.

(Eg. Sound of a bell is paired with food)