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A&PII Exam 3 Review > Module 23 > Flashcards

Module 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What two hormones does the kidney produce?

A

Renin and Erythropoetin

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2
Q

This is the outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidneys and adrenal gland to surrounding structures

A

Renal Fascia

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3
Q

A fatty mass that surrounds the kidney and cushions it against blows

A

Perirenal fat capsule

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4
Q

This layer of the kidney is a transparent layer that prevents the kidneys from getting infected by surrounding regions

A

Fibrous capsule

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5
Q

What nerve supplies action to the kidneys

A

Sympathetic

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6
Q

What is the renal corpuscle made of?

A

Glomerulus and its Glomerular capsule

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7
Q

This part of the nephron functions in reabsorption and secretion and is confined to the cortex

A

PCT

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8
Q

Which segment of the loop of Henle is freely permeable to water?

A

Decending limb

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9
Q

Which part of the nephron functions more in secretion than reabsorption, but is still confined to the cortex

A

DCT

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10
Q

These receive filtrate from many nephrons, they fuse together to deliver urine through the papillae into mini calyces

A

Collecting ducts

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11
Q

This cell of the collecting duct is known for maintaining the acid base balance of the body

A

Intercalated cells

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12
Q

This cell of the collecting ducts helps maintain the bodies water and salt balance

A

Principal cells

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13
Q

What is important in creating concentrated urine?

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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14
Q

Why is blood pressure in the golmerulus high?

A

Because afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than efferent

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15
Q

High resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles cause blood pressure to ____

A

Decline

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16
Q

Resistance in afferent arterioles ______ glomerulos

A

Protects

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17
Q

Resistance in efferent arterioles _____ hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries

A

reduces

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18
Q

There is one per neuron, important in the regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure

A

Juxtaglomerular Appartatus (JGA)

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19
Q

These cells of the JGA are enlarged smooth muscle cells of the arteriole, they secrete renin and act as mechanorecptors that sense blood pressure

A

Granular Cells

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20
Q

These JGA cells are Tall, densely packed cells of the ascending limb that act as chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate

A

Macula Densa

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21
Q

These cells of the JGA are interconnected with gap junctions that may pass signals between macula dense and granular cells

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

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22
Q

This is a porous membrane between the blood and the capsular space

A

Filtration membrane

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23
Q

The filtration membrane consists of: Fenestrated _______ of the glomerular capillaries

A

Endothelium

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24
Q

The filtration membrane consists of: _____ membrane of the glomerular capsule that has podocytes and filtration slits

A

Visceral

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25
Q

The filtration membrane consists of: Gel-like _______ membrane fused with two other layers

A

Gel-Like

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26
Q

The filtration membrane allows passage of water and solutes but prevents filtration of ___

A

RBCs

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27
Q

This cell of the filtration membrane engulfs and degrades macromolecules and can contract to change the total surface available for filrtration

A

Golmerular mesangial cells

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28
Q

Primary site for glucose and amino acid reabsorption

A

PCT

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29
Q

The major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis

A

Desending Limb of Henle

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30
Q

Sodium is reabsorbed in this region

A

Ascending limb of Henle

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31
Q

Sodium and water are reabsorbed under hormonal influence in this region

A

DCT

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32
Q

This is a mechanism of urine formation that is a passive mechanical process driven by hydrostatic pressure

A

Glomerular Filtration

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33
Q

The _______ is a very efficient filter because its membrane is very permeable and has large surface area

A

Glomerulus

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34
Q

What blood pressure is higher than in other capillaries

A

Glomerular

35
Q

What pressure is responsible for filtrate formation?

A

NFP

36
Q

What two opposing forces determine NFR?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure of glomermular blood

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

What is the chief force of NFR?

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

38
Q

This is the volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys

A

Glomerular filtration rate

39
Q

What are the three items that effect and govern GFR?

A

Total surface area
Membrane permeability
NFP

40
Q

GFR is controlled by two types of mechanisms, intrinsic that act on _____ and extrinsic that act on ______ and _______ but do affect kidney function

A

Kidneys
Nervous
Endocrine

41
Q

GFR intrinsic myogenic controls, when the blood pressure raises, there is a _______ of afferent arterioles

A

Constriction

helps maintain normal GFR and protects from damage from high BP

42
Q

GFR intrsinic myogenic controls, when blood pressure lowers, there is a ______ of afferent arterioles

A

Dialation

43
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism directed by what cell?

A

Macula Densa Cells

44
Q

In Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, is GFR increases, ^ _______

A

increases

45
Q

Macula dense cells of the JGA response to high levels of NaCl by releasing chemicals that act on afferent arterioles that _______ and lower GFR

A

vasoconstrict

46
Q

If there was low levels of NaCl, macula densa cells will release chemicals that will act on afferent arterioles and ________ which raises GFR

A

Vasodialates

47
Q

At rest, renal blood vessels are constricted or dilated?

A

Dilated

48
Q

Under extreme stress, what two hormones are released that that cause constriction of afferent arterioles, inhibiting filtration and triggering the release of renin

A

Nonepinephrine

Epinephrine

49
Q

What is triggered when the granular cells of the JGA release renin?

A

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

50
Q

When starting with angiotensinogen, what does it turn into when renin is released?

A

Angiotensin I

51
Q

When having angiotensin I, what happens when ACE, or angiotensin converting enzyme is released, what is the end product?

A

Angiotensin II

52
Q

Angiotensin II ______ arteriolar smooth muscle causing MAP to rise

A

Constricts

53
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the reabsorption of ___

A

Na+

54
Q

This is a process of kidney physiology that returns all the glucose and amino acids, 99% water salt and other components of the blood.

A

Tubular Reabsorption

55
Q

What are the two routes of the tubular reabsorption

A

Transcellular and Paracellular

56
Q

This route of tubular reabsorption is luminal and basolateral membranes of tubule cells, endothelium of peritubular capillaries

A

Transcellular route

57
Q

This route of the tubular reabsorption is limited to water movement and reabsorption of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and some Na+ in the PCT where tight junctions are leaky

A

Paracellular

58
Q

What is the most abundant cation in filtrate?

A

Na+

59
Q

Sodium reabsorption is transported by primary _____ transport in the basolateral membrane, Na+ passes in through the luminal membrane by _____ active transport or facilitated diffusion

A

Active

Secondary

60
Q

What promotes bulk flow of water and solutes including Na+ in the peritubular capillaries?
______ hydrostatic pressure and ______colloid osmotic pressure

A

Low

High

61
Q

This reflects the number of carriers in the renal tubules available

A

Transport maximum

62
Q

When carriers are _____, excess substances are excreted

A

Saturated

63
Q

Where is the site for most absorption: 65% Na+ and water, all nutrients and small proteins

A

PCT

64
Q

What does the descending limb reabsorb?

A

H20

65
Q

What does the ascending limb of Henle?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

66
Q

What two places is reabsorption is hormonally regulated?

A

DCT and collecting ducts

67
Q

What is Ca2+ hormonally regulated by?

A

PTH

68
Q

What is water hormonally regulated by?

A

ADH

69
Q

What is aldosterone and ANP hormonally regulated by?

A

Na+

70
Q

What does aldosterone target?

A 
Collecting ducts (principal ducts)
Distal DCT
71
Q

This part of kidney physiology disposes of substances that are bound to plasma proteins, eliminates undesirable substances that have been passively reabsorbed (urea)

A

Tubular Secretion

72
Q

Tubular secretion rids body of excess __ and controls blood __ by altering amounts of H+ or HCO3 in urine

A

K+

pH

73
Q

This occurs when fluid flows in opposite directions in two adjacent segments of the same tubule

A

Countercurrent Mechanism

74
Q

Filtrate flow in the loop of hence is the countercurrent _______

A

Multiplier

75
Q

Blood flow in the vasa recta is the countercurrent ______

A

exchanger

76
Q

This allows kidneys to vary urine concentration

A

Countercurrent mechanism

77
Q

___ triggers reabsorption of H20 in the collecting ducts

A

ADH

78
Q

What percentage of urine is water and what percentage is solutes?

A

95% water

5% solutes

79
Q

What are three normal things to find in urine?

A

Urea
Uric acid
Creatine

80
Q

As the bladder pressure increases, distal ends of the ureters ____, preventing blackflow of urine

A

Close

81
Q

These are smooth triangular area outline by the openings for the ureters and the urethra, infections tend to persist in this region

A

Trigone

82
Q

Is the internal or external sphincter of the urethra voluntary?

A

External

83
Q

Which urethra carries two items, males or females?

A

Males
Sperm
Urine

84
Q

What is Micturition?

A

Urinination

A&PII Exam 3 Review (2 decks)

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