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A&PII Exam 3 Review > Module 21 > Flashcards

Module 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Propulsion includes swallowing which is a voluntary process which is followed by ______ which is an involuntary process

A

Peristalsis

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2
Q

This is during mechanical digestion and is the rhythmic local constrictions of the small intestine, this mixes food with digestive juices and increses the efficiency of absorption.

A

Segmentation

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3
Q

Chemical digestion is a series of catabolic steps that breaks down complex foods to their chemical building blocks by enzymes secreted into the ____ of the alimentary canal

A

lumen

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4
Q

This is the passage of digested end products plus vitamins minerals and water from the lumen of the GI tract through the muscoal cells by active or passive transport into blood or lymph, usually occurs in small intestine

A

Absorption

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5
Q

What are all of the parts of the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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6
Q

This part of the abdominopelvic cavity is the most extensive of the membranes, known as the full product

A

Peritoneum

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7
Q

This peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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8
Q

This is the inner layer of the peritoneum that lines the inside of the cavity walls

A

Parietal peritoneum

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9
Q

What is the space called in between the visceral/parietal layers?

A

Peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

This is a double layer of the peritoneum, which is a sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall

A

Mesentery

ex is greater omentum

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11
Q

What do mesentaries do?

A

Provide routes for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics to reach digestive viscera, hold organs in place and store fat

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12
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive canal membrane from inferior to superior?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externis
Serosa

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13
Q

This layer is responsible for lining the lumen from the mouth to the anus, to secrete mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones, to absorb the end product of digestion into the blood, and to protect against disease

A

mucosa

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa from inferior to superior

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
and muscularis mucosae

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15
Q

What sub-layer of the mucosa is known to be apart of MALT?

A

Lamina Proprita

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16
Q

This layer of the digestive tract is responsible for containing a rich blood supply, lymphatics, lymphatic follicles, and nerve fibers, supplies the surrounding layers with blood

A

Submucosa Layer

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17
Q

This layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the segmentation and peristalsis, it has an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

A

Muscularis Externa

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18
Q

This is the protective outer most layer of the digestive tract layers and is responsible for the protection and is also the same layer as the known visceral layer

A

Serosa

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19
Q

This is a mucosa linned cavity that is also called the oral cavity or the buccal cavity, its boundaries are the lips cheeks and tongue

A

Mouth

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20
Q

Which muscles of the tongue are known to allow it to change shape

A

Intrinsic muscles

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21
Q

Which muscles of the tongue alter its position?

A

Extrinsic muscles

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22
Q

This is a secretion known to cleanse the mouth, dissolve food chemicals, moisten food to compact it into a bolus and enzyme containing

A

Salvia

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23
Q

Most salvia is produced in these gland, they are the parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands

A

Exrtinsic Salvia glands

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24
Q

These salvia glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity and are also called buccal glands

A

Intrinsic saliva Glands

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25
Q

Salvia is slightly ____ and contains many electrolytes even though its mostly made up of water

A

acidic

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26
Q

The first set of teeth are known as ______, _______ or _____ teeth and how many of them are there?

A

Baby
Milk
Deciduous
20

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27
Q

When of age, a person develops ___ adult or permanent teeth after the roots of milk teeth are dissolved and fall out

A

32

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28
Q

These types of teeth are adapted for cutting or nipping off pieces of food

A

incisors

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29
Q

These teeth are fang like and are used to tear and pierce things

A

canines

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30
Q

These two types of teeth have broad crowns with rounded cusps and are best suited for grinding and crushing, they lock together for extreme crushing pressure

A

Premolars and Molars

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31
Q

From the mouth, the food runs posteriorly into the orthopharynx and then the _______

A

Laryngopharynx

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32
Q

The mucosa of the pharynx contains a mucosa that has friction-resistant tissue that contains two skeletal muscle layers, these mucles ____ food

A

Propel Food

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33
Q

This is a muscular tube that carries food down into the stomach, it is collapsed when there is no food in it

A

Esophagus

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34
Q

The esophagus joins at the stomach at the cardiac _____ within the abdominal cavity.

A

Orifice

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35
Q

The cardiac orifice joins with the stomach but is surrounded by the _____________ sphincter which acts as a valve and stays closed when food is not in the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal Sphinctor

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36
Q

Where in the body is the stomach located?

A

The upper left quadrant of the peritoneal cavity

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37
Q

When the stomach is empty, it collapses inward throwing its mucosa into large longitudinal folds called what?

A

Rugae

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38
Q

What is the beginning of the stomach called?

A

Cardia

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39
Q

What is the dome shaped part of the stomach tucked beneath the the diaphragm

A

Fundus

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40
Q

What is the valve at the end of the stomach called?

A

Pyloric Valve

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41
Q

What cells in the digestion mucosa that is found in the neck region of the glands and produce a thick soluble mucus

A

Mucous Neck Cells

42
Q

These cells of the stomach are found mainly in the middle region of the glands scattered among chief cells that secrete HCL and intrinsic factor which makes the stomach acid extremely acidic , to activate pepsin

A

Parietal Cells

43
Q

These occur mainly in basal region of the gastric gland, they produce pepsinogen which is an inactive form of pepsin

A

Chief Cells

44
Q

These cells are usually located deep in the gastric glands and release a variety of chemical messages directly into the fluid of the lamina Proprita, some examples are histamine and serotonin. And Gastrin

A

Enterendocrine cells

45
Q

Where does protein digestion occur?

A

Stomach

46
Q

What is the only stomach function essential to life?

A

Intrinsic factor

47
Q

Intrinsic factor is required for intestinal absorption of which vitamin?

A

B-12

making of red blood cells

48
Q

The site of production of this hormone is in the stomach mucosa, by the G cells, the stimulus is food in the stomach, ACl released by nerve fibers, the target organ is the majority of the digestive organs, stimulates gastric emptying, relaxes illocecal valve

A

Gastrin

49
Q

This hormone is produced in the stomach mucosa, its stimulated by food being in the stomach, its target organ is the stomach, it activates parietal cells to release HCl

A

Histamine

50
Q

This hormone is produced in the stomach mucosa, stimulated by food in the stomach, causes contractions of the stomach

A

Serotonin

51
Q

This enzyme released is found in infants who secrete this as well as pepsin, it acts on milk products

A

Renin

52
Q

What is the bodies major digestive organ ?

A

Small Intestines

53
Q

The small intestine is considered from the ______ sphincter to the _______ valve/sphincter

A

Pyloric

Ileocecal

54
Q

What are the three subsections of the small intestines?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

55
Q

The bile duct, coming from the liver, and the main pancreatic duct, unite at the wall of the duodenum in a bulblike point called the _______ _______

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

56
Q

These are fingerlike projection of the mucosa, in the core is a dense capillary bed called a lacteal, this is where digested food is absorbed

A

Villi

57
Q

Exceptionally long and densely packed, these absorbtive cells give the mucosal surface the known brush border which complete digestion of carbs and proteins in the small intestine

A

Mircovilli

58
Q

These primarily secrete substances, intestinal jucies which is a watery substance containing mucus that serves as a carrier fluid for absorbing nutrients from chyme.

A

Intestinal Crypts or

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

59
Q

The _____ ______ increase in abundance toward the end of the small intestine, they release IgA which helps fight bacteria

A

Peyers Patches

60
Q

_______ glands are found in the submucosa of the duodeum only. They prodice alkaline mucus that helps to neutralize the the acidic chyme moving in from the stomach

A

Dudenal

61
Q

From the illeocecal valve to the anus, absorbs the remaining water

A

Large Intestines

62
Q

The reduced three band structure of the longitudinal muscle layer is called what?

A

Teniae Coli

63
Q

The tone of Teniae coli causes the wall of the large intestine to pucker into pocketlike sacs called what?

A

Haustra

64
Q

Another unique feature of the small intestine is the small fat filled pouches of the visceral peritoneum that hang from its surface

A

Epiploic Appendages

65
Q

Mucus secreted by the ____ cells eases the passage of feces and protects the intestinal wall from acids and gases released by the bacterial flora

A

Goblet

66
Q

These are found in between the anal columns, they exude mucus when compressed by feces which aids in emptying the anal canal

A

Anal Sinuses

67
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A

Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

68
Q

The liver is composed of sesame sized functional units called what?

A

Liver Lobules

69
Q

Each liver lobule consists of liver plates or

A

Hepatocytes

70
Q

The hepatocytes radiate outward from the ______ vein

A

Central

71
Q

What three things make up the portal triad.

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic Vein
Bile duct

72
Q

These remove debris such as bacteria and worn out blood cells from blood that flow past

A

Kupffer Cells

73
Q

Secreted bile flows through tiny canals called bile ______ that run between two adjacent hepatocytes toward bile ducts that branch into portal triads

A

Canaliculi

74
Q

The job of bile is to emulsify _____ with bile salts that break down different things that have been digested

A

Fats

75
Q

What are the two helpful componets of bile?

A

Bile salts and Phospholipids

76
Q

This organ stores bile that is not imedditialy needed for digestion, so it concentrates the bile well waiting to be needed for digestion

A

Gallbladder

77
Q

The gallbladder bile flows into its duct then into the ____ duct to then go into the pancreatic duct

A

Cystic

78
Q

The pancreas is located ____ to the greater curvature of the stomach

A

deep

79
Q

THis organ produces enzymes that break down all categories of food which then is delivered to the duodeum

A

Pancreas

80
Q

The exocrine product of the pancreas, called the _____ _____ drains from the pancreas via the centrally located main pancreatic duct

A

Pancreatic juice

81
Q

These mini endocrine glands release insulin and glucagon that play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism

A

Pancreatic Isets

Or Islets of Langerhans

82
Q

What cells produce the enzyme rich pancreatic juice? Exocrine

A

Acinar cells

83
Q

Trypsinogen is activated to _____ by brush border enzyme enteropeptidase

A

trypsin

84
Q

Procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen are activated by

A

trypsin

85
Q

Pancreatic juice is slight ______ with a pH of ___

A

Alkaline

8

86
Q

The enzymes of the pancreatic gland are Amylase, lipases, nucleases are secreted in active form but require ___ or ____ for optimal activity

A

Ion

Bile

87
Q

___ induces the secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice by acini, target organ is the liver/pancreas, and gallbladder, started by the duodenal mucosa, stimulus is the fatty chyme

A

CKK

88
Q

______ causes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice by duct cells, stimulus is acidic chyme, causes increase of bile output

A

Secretin

89
Q

This increases the inhibitiaton of all products, inhibits contractions and bile release

A

Somatostatin

90
Q

This enzyme relaxes the Hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

CCK

91
Q

This substance secreted by the pancreas helps neutralizes bile

A

Bicarbonate

92
Q

This phase occurs before food enters the stomach, started by aroma, and vision of the food, this is the only conditioned reflex

A

Cephalic Reflex

93
Q

Once food enters the stomach, the ____ phase occurs and starts with

A

Gastric

94
Q

What are the gastrin secreted endocrine cells called?

A

G cells

95
Q

Where is ACh released?

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibers

96
Q

This phase of gastrin secretion has two components and they both happen when food comes into the small intestine from the stomach

A

Intestinal phase

97
Q

This sub phase of the intestinal phase is set into motion when partially digested food fills the duodenum of the small intestine

A

Excitatory

98
Q

The excitatory phase stimulates the intestinal mucosa cells to release _____ that encourages the gastric gland to continue to secrete

A

Gastrin

99
Q

What is the inhibitory component of the intestinal phase

A

Enterogastric reflex

100
Q

What are the three inhibit hormones?

A

Secretin
CCK
VIP

A&PII Exam 3 Review (2 decks)

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