Module 23

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

3 measures of retention

Answer 2

recall

recognition

relearning

Question 3

recall

Answer 3

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

fill in the blank test

Question 4

recognition

Answer 4

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

multiple choice test

Question 5

relearning

Answer 5

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 6

True or False. Tests of recognition and of time spent relearning demonstrate that we remember more than we recall.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

If you want to be sure to remember what you’re learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory?

Answer 7

Recall. Recalling information is harder than recognizing it.

Question 8

Information-processing model

Answer 8

compare human memory to computer operations

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 9

encoding

Answer 9

the processing of information into the memory system

Question 10

storage

Answer 10

the retention of encoded information over time

Question 11

retrieval

Answer 11

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 12

parallel processing

Answer 12

the dual track mind processes many things simultaneously

Question 13

connectionism

Answer 13

views memories as products of interconnected neural networks

Question 14

Atkinson-Shriffin three stage processing model of memory

Answer 14

sensory memory
short term memory
long term memory

Question 15

sensory memory

Answer 15

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 16

short term memory

Answer 16

activated memory that holds a few items briefly such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 17

long term memory

Answer 17

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Question 18

working memory

Answer 18

a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 19

central executive

Answer 19

focuses attention

Question 20

explicit memories

Answer 20

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (declarative)

Question 21

effortful processing

Answer 21

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 22

automatic processing

Answer 22

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings.

Question 23

implicit processing

Answer 23

retention independent of conscious recollections (nondeclarative)

Question 24

iconic memory

Answer 24

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 25

echoic memory

Answer 25

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words cans still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 26

Even without conscious effort, you can automatically process information about what three things?

Answer 26

Space - place on the page
Time - sequence of events
Frequency - third time ive seen her

Question 27

What is the capacity of our short term and working memory?

Answer 27

Short term memory capacity is about seven items, plus or minus two, but this information disappears from memory quickly without rehearsal.

Working memory capacity varies, depending on age, intelligence level, and other factors.

Question 28

What are some effortful processing strategies that can help us remember new information?

Answer 28

Chunking - organizing items into familiar units

Mnemonics - memory aids, vivid imagery organizational devices

Hierarchies

Distributed practice

Question 29

spacing effect

Answer 29

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 30

testing effect

Answer 30

enchanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information. also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test enhanced learning.

Question 31

shallow processing

Answer 31

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 32

deep processing

Answer 32

encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention