Module 18

Question 1

What does it mean to transduce?

Answer 1

The process of transforming light energy into neural messages that our brain then processes into what we see.

Question 2

What actually strikes the eyes when we see?

Answer 2

pulses of electromagnetic energy

a thin slice of the whole spectrum of electromagnetic energy

Question 3

True or False. All organisms are sensitive to the same portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Wavelength

Answer 4

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

Question 5

hue

Answer 5

the color we experience

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

Question 6

intensity

Answer 6

amount of energy in a light or sound wave

brightness or loudness

determined by amplitude (height of wave)

Question 7

Where does light enter the eye?

Answer 7

the cornea

Question 8

pupil

Answer 8

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light entes

Question 9

iris

Answer 9

a ring of muscle tissue that form the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and even to inner emotions

Question 10

lens

Answer 10

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Question 11

retina

Answer 11

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Question 12

accommodation

Answer 12

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Question 13

label each part which makes up the eye

Answer 13

see chart in dropbox - eye

Question 14

Of what is the retina made?

Answer 14

rods, cones, optic nerve, fovea

Question 15

rods

Answer 15

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

necessary for peripheral and twilight vision

Question 16

cones

Answer 16

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina

function in daylight or well-lit conditions

detect fine detail and color

Question 17

optic nerve

Answer 17

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Question 18

fovea

Answer 18

the central focus point in the retina around which they eye’s cones cluster

Question 19

blind spot

Answer 19

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye

creates a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

Question 20

locate the different parts of the retina

Answer 20

see chart in dropbox - retina

Question 21

How do the eye and the brain process visual information

Answer 21

Roger Occupies The Vehicle

R - Retina
O - Optic Nerve
T - Thalmus
V - Visual Cortex

Question 22

What are the two main areas of operation in the visual cortex?

Answer 22

Feature detectors

Parallel processing

Question 23

feature detectors

Answer 23

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement

Question 24

parallel processing

Answer 24

the processing of many aspects of problem simultaneously

contrasts step by step (serial) processing of computers

Question 25

What is the process of visual information processing?

Answer 25

Roger Fixed Purple Ravioli R - Retinal processing F - Feature detection P - Parallel processing R - Recognition

Question 26

What are the two theories of color vision?

Answer 26

The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory shows that the retina contains color receptors for red, green, and blue. The opponent-process theory shows that we have opponent process cells in the retina for red-green, yellow-blue, and white black. Some neurons are turned on by one color and turned off the other.

Question 27

True or False. The two theories of color vision are complimentary.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

gestalt

Answer 28

an organized whole our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Question 29

True or False. Perception is just opening a shutter and letting a picture print itself on our brain.

Answer 29

False. We filter incoming information and construct perceptions.

Question 30

figure-ground

Answer 30

the organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

Question 31

What are three examples of grouping?

Answer 31

Peter Chooses Cheerios P- Proximity - group nearby together C - Continuity - smooth patterns C - Closure - fill in the gaps

Question 32

grouping

Answer 32

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Question 33

depth perception

Answer 33

the ability to see objects in three dimensions the images strike the retina are two dimensional allows us to judge distance

Question 34

visual cliff

Answer 34

a lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Question 35

True or False. There is no perception of heights early in life.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

binocular cues

Answer 36

depth cues depend on the use of two eyes

Question 37

retinal disparity

Answer 37

by comparing images from the retinas in both eyes the brain computes distance

Question 38

True or False. The greater the disparity between two images, the closer the object.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

monocular cues

Answer 39

depth cues available to either eye alone see chart monocular cues

Question 40

How does the brain compute motion?

Answer 40

Viewing objects that are shrinking (or vice verse) stroboscopic movement - rapid series of slightly varying images

Question 41

What is phi phenomenon?

Answer 41

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Question 42

What is perceptual constancy?

Answer 42

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images chnage

Question 43

color constancy

Answer 43

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

Question 44

Brightness constancy depends on ______.

Answer 44

context

Question 45

Sometimes an object whose actual shape cannot change can seem to change at a different _____.

Answer 45

angle

Question 46

shape constancy

Answer 46

the ability to perceive the form of familiar objects even while our retinas receive changing images of them

Question 47

size constancy

Answer 47

the ability to perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies

Question 48

True or False. Our sensations are disassembled into information bits that our brain then reassembles into its own functional model of the external world.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What are the characteristics of those who have had their sight restored?

Answer 49

They have the retinal abilities but do not have the neural perceptions (shapes, forms, faces.

Question 50

True or False. There is no critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

Answer 50

False

Question 51

perceptual adaptation

Answer 51

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Question 52

esp

Answer 52

extrasensory perception the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input telepathy, clarivoyance, precognition

Question 53

parapsychology

Answer 53

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis