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Psychology > Module 18 > Flashcards

Module 18 Flashcards

Vision and Perceptual Organization and Interpretation

1
Q

What does it mean to transduce?

A

The process of transforming light energy into neural messages that our brain then processes into what we see.

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2
Q

What actually strikes the eyes when we see?

A

pulses of electromagnetic energy

a thin slice of the whole spectrum of electromagnetic energy

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3
Q

True or False. All organisms are sensitive to the same portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A

False

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4
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

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5
Q

hue

A

the color we experience

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

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6
Q

intensity

A

amount of energy in a light or sound wave

brightness or loudness

determined by amplitude (height of wave)

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7
Q

Where does light enter the eye?

A

the cornea

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8
Q

pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light entes

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9
Q

iris

A

a ring of muscle tissue that form the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and even to inner emotions

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10
Q

lens

A

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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11
Q

retina

A

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

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12
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

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13
Q

label each part which makes up the eye

A

see chart in dropbox - eye

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14
Q

Of what is the retina made?

A

rods, cones, optic nerve, fovea

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15
Q

rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

necessary for peripheral and twilight vision

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16
Q

cones

A

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina

function in daylight or well-lit conditions

detect fine detail and color

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17
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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18
Q

fovea

A

the central focus point in the retina around which they eye’s cones cluster

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19
Q

blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye

creates a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

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20
Q

locate the different parts of the retina

A

see chart in dropbox - retina

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21
Q

How do the eye and the brain process visual information

A

Roger Occupies The Vehicle

R - Retina
O - Optic Nerve
T - Thalmus
V - Visual Cortex

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22
Q

What are the two main areas of operation in the visual cortex?

A

Feature detectors

Parallel processing

23
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement

24
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of problem simultaneously

contrasts step by step (serial) processing of computers

25
Q

What is the process of visual information processing?

A

Roger Fixed Purple Ravioli

R - Retinal processing
F - Feature detection
P - Parallel processing
R - Recognition

26
Q

What are the two theories of color vision?

A

The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory shows that the retina contains color receptors for red, green, and blue.

The opponent-process theory shows that we have opponent process cells in the retina for red-green, yellow-blue, and white black. Some neurons are turned on by one color and turned off the other.

27
Q

True or False. The two theories of color vision are complimentary.

A

True

28
Q

gestalt

A

an organized whole

our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

29
Q

True or False. Perception is just opening a shutter and letting a picture print itself on our brain.

A

False. We filter incoming information and construct perceptions.

30
Q

figure-ground

A

the organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

31
Q

What are three examples of grouping?

A

Peter Chooses Cheerios

P- Proximity - group nearby together
C - Continuity - smooth patterns
C - Closure - fill in the gaps

32
Q

grouping

A

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

33
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to see objects in three dimensions

the images strike the retina are two dimensional

allows us to judge distance

34
Q

visual cliff

A

a lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

35
Q

True or False. There is no perception of heights early in life.

A

False

36
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues

depend on the use of two eyes

37
Q

retinal disparity

A

by comparing images from the retinas in both eyes the brain computes distance

38
Q

True or False. The greater the disparity between two images, the closer the object.

A

True

39
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues available to either eye alone

see chart monocular cues

40
Q

How does the brain compute motion?

A

Viewing objects that are shrinking (or vice verse)

stroboscopic movement - rapid series of slightly varying images

41
Q

What is phi phenomenon?

A

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

42
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images chnage

43
Q

color constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

44
Q

Brightness constancy depends on ______.

A

context

45
Q

Sometimes an object whose actual shape cannot change can seem to change at a different _____.

A

angle

46
Q

shape constancy

A

the ability to perceive the form of familiar objects even while our retinas receive changing images of them

47
Q

size constancy

A

the ability to perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies

48
Q

True or False. Our sensations are disassembled into information bits that our brain then reassembles into its own functional model of the external world.

A

True

49
Q

What are the characteristics of those who have had their sight restored?

A

They have the retinal abilities but do not have the neural perceptions (shapes, forms, faces.

50
Q

True or False. There is no critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

A

False

51
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

52
Q

esp

A

extrasensory perception

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

telepathy, clarivoyance, precognition

53
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

Psychology (7 decks)

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