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AS Chemistry > Module 2.1 - Atoms and Reactions > Flashcards

Module 2.1 - Atoms and Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

The simplest way of showing a chemical formula, shows the ratio between elements, rather than actual numbers of atoms of each element.

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2
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Tells you the number of each type of atom that make up a molecule.

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3
Q

What is Avogadro’s constant?

A

6.02 x 10^23

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4
Q

What is the equation for moles?

A

number of moles = mass / molar mass

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5
Q

How many outer electrons do atoms in Group 2 have?

A

2

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6
Q

Finish the equation pressure x volume (pV)?

A

pressure x volume = moles (mol) x gas constant (8.314) x temperature (K)

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7
Q

What is the equation for concentration?

A

concentration = moles / volume

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8
Q

What is the equation to find the volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure?

A

volume = moles x 24

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9
Q

What is the equation to find the number of particles?

A

Number of particles = moles x Avogadro’s constant.

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10
Q

What is the molecular formula for nitrate?

A

NO3^-

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11
Q

What is the molecular formula for a carbonate?

A

CO3^2-

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12
Q

metal + acid ->

A

metal + acid -> metal salt + hydrogen

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13
Q

metal oxide + acid ->

A

metal oxide + acid -> salt + water

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14
Q

metal hydroxide + acid ->

A

metal hydroxide + acid -> salt + water

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15
Q

metal carbonate + acid ->

A

metal carbonate + acid -> metal salt + carbon dioxide + water

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16
Q

ammonia + acid ->

A

ammonia + acid -> ammonium salts.

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17
Q

What is a standard solution?

A

A solution that has a precisely known concentration.

18
Q

What is the equation of percentage yield?

A

percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100

19
Q

What is the equation for atom economy?

A

atom economy = (molecular mass of desired product / sum of molecular masses of all products) x 100

20
Q

What is atom economy?

A

Atom economy is a measure of the proportion of reactant atoms that become part of the desired product (rather than by-products) in the balanced chemical equation.

21
Q

What is percentage yield?

A

Tells you how wasteful the process is and is based on how much of the product is lost because of things like reactions not completing or losses during collection and purification.

22
Q

Why is a high atom economy in reactions important for companies and their sustainability?

A

> Low atom economy means lots of waste being produced and it costs money to separate the desired product from the waste and to dispose of the waste products safely so that they do not harm the environment.
Reactant chemicals are usually costly, if they end up as useless products.
Reaction conditions with high energy demands cost a lot to maintain.

23
Q

What is the simple definition of oxidation?

A

Oxidation is a gain of oxygen and a loss of electrons.

24
Q

What is the simple definition of reduction?

A

Reduction is a loss of oxygens and the gain of electrons.

25
Q

What is the oxidation number?

A

The charge the atom would have if it was composed of ions, reflects the number of electrons that have been lost/gained.

26
Q

What oxidation number will an uncombined element have?

A

0

27
Q

What oxidation number will a combined oxygen have?

A

-2

28
Q

What oxidation number will a combined oxygen in peroxides have?

A

-1

29
Q

What oxidation number will a combined hydrogen have?

A

+1

30
Q

What oxidation number will combined hydrogen in metal hydrides have?

A

-1

31
Q

What are the 2 rules of oxidation numbers in formulae for compounds?

A

> Overall charge on the compound is 0.

>The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms must equal 0.

32
Q

What is the rule for oxidation numbers in formulae for molecular ions?

A

> The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atom must equal the overall charge on the ion.

33
Q

How do we represent the oxidation state of an element?

A

Roman numerals are used to represent the oxidation state of an element.

34
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction where both oxidation and reduction is occurring.

35
Q

What happens in a redox reaction with metals and acids?

A

The metal is oxidised and the hydrogen (in the acid) is reduced to form hydrogen gas.

36
Q

What is the gas constant?

A

8.314

37
Q

What is the molecular formula for a sulphate ion?

A

SO4^2-

38
Q

What is the molecular formula for a hydroxide ion?

A

OH^-

39
Q

What is the molecular formula for a ammonium ion?

A

NH4^+

40
Q

What is the molecular formula for a zinc ion?

A

Zn^2+

41
Q

What is the molecular formula for a silver ion?

A

Ag^+

AS Chemistry (6 decks)

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