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BIOL2204 > Module 20 > Flashcards

Module 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main challenge for survival in animals?

A

The main challenge for survival in animals is procuring food
- You are what you eat – what an animal eats affects its feeding specialisations, behaviour, physiology, and anatomy

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2
Q

Particulate food

A

Available in water only and typically consumed by animals that lack teeth

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3
Q

Mass food

A

Available in water and on land
- Mass food requires mechanical and physical mechanisms to be broken into smaller bits and then chemically digested

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4
Q

Liquid/fluid food

A

Is in the form of blood or sap and is consumed by parasitic animals

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5
Q

What is an animals diet a reflection of?

A

Their ecological services
- Herbivorous fishes in coral reef systems remove algae – allow corals to thrive
- Scavenging animals remove dead carcasses from prairies

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6
Q

Herbivore

A

Eats plants and/or algae

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7
Q

Carnivore

A

Eats meat

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8
Q

Omnivore

A

Eats a mix of plants and animals

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9
Q

Detritivore

A

Eats detritus

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10
Q

Ingest

A

To take a food, drink, or other substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it

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11
Q

What does acquiring food require?

A

The ability to detect food
- Sensory structures
The ability to move to where food is located
- Locomotory structures
The ability to restrain, hold, and/or manipulate the food so it can be ingested
- Structures such as limbs, teeth, muscles, and more

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12
Q

What does ingesting food require?

A

An opening to the body and/or a permeable surface to absorb food
- Mouth
- Permeable surface

Structures for directing food from the mouth into the body
- Cilia
- Muscles – tongue

Hard structures – in some cases
- Bony plates
- Teeth
- Beaks
- Speclaised muscles that accompany these structures

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13
Q

Diversity ini anatomical structures for acquiring food

A

Amphibians – no teeth, weak jaws, long sticky tongues, limited food size and strength

Snakes – asphyxiate or envenomate their prey
- Teeth – grasp prey of modified into fangs to deliver venom
- Can dislocate their jaw to swallow very large prey
- Internal organs are modified to allow space for large prey in their stomach

Birds – wide variety of adaptations that reflect their food type
- Capture, manipulate, and mechanically breakdown food
- Feet are also used to capture and ingest food

Turtles and lizards
- Turtles have no teeth but bony plates
- Lizards have peg-like teeth
- Lizards manipulate food using their hands

Mammals – jaw shape and muscles vary with food type
- Dentition varies with food type – canines, incisors, premolars, molars, shearing, cutting

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14
Q

Relative process of food digestion

A

Once captured, the prey item is either swallowed whole or subjected to initial mechanical digestion before being passed into the food tube
- Digestion then takes place with nutrients assimilated into the tissues
- Material left in the tube is passed out as egesta – feces

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15
Q

Ingestion

A

The act of getting food into the mouth and then into the food tube

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16
Q

Feeding in water versus air

A

The different properties of water versus air highly influences the feeding mechanisms of animals in these respective environments
Crocodiles can rip apart their prey using the death roll in water
Suction feeding works well in water

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17
Q

Modern jawless fishes

A

Lampreys:
- Have tooth-like structures in their round jawless mouths that are made of keratin
- These are used to gnaw into the sides of fish and suck in their juices

Hagfish:
- Have similar structures in a more complex mouth
- Use to rasp rotting flesh from carcasses

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18
Q

Gape

A

Mouth opening width
- Useful predictor of what sized prey or chunk of prey an animal can ingest
- Some filter-feeding organisms can have a very large gape to filter a larger volume of water

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19
Q

Teleosts

A

Maxillary bone – no longer bares teeth and acts as a hinge enabling jaw protrusion of the premaxillary bone
- Premaxillary bone is where many species bare teeth
- Allowed advanced bony fishes to engulf prey by suction feeding without moving their body
-– use water currents where possible due to the water’s density and incompressibility

20
Q

Wolf fish

A

Structure
- Has a robust jaw
- Large peg-like teeth

Function:
- Feeds on limpets and crabs – needs a strong bite to remove them from a rock or break them apart

21
Q

Bream

A

Two types of teeth
- Front: biting prey
- Back: crushing prey

22
Q

Seahorse

A

Structure and function
- Tubular mouth
- Sucks in small prey – inhale prey with water drawn rapidly through a tubular mouth with a small gape by distending their buccopharynx
- Lack teeth

23
Q

Anchovy

A

Structure and function:
- Ram feeding
- Prey densities need to be high
- Tiny teeth

24
Q

Baleen whales

A

Structure and function:
- Lack teeth
- Capture krill and small fish on their huge filtering plates

25
Q

Filter-feeding vertebrates

A

Tend to have closely spaced baleen plates or gill rakers

26
Q

Ecological importance of fish detention

A

The fused teeth of parrot fishes allow them to remove algae from reefs – this would otherwise outcompete corals

27
Q

Herbivorous fishes

A

Tend to have short blunt stouts
Narrow gape
Jaws lined with close-set teeth for cropping, scraping, excavating, or combing algae
Eyes are set on either side of their head to look for food

28
Q

Predatory fishes

A

Some lack teeth or have very small teeth
Swallow their prey whole
Trend to have robust gill rakers that often bear teeth – these trap prey in the buccopharyngeal cavity so that they can be swallowed

29
Q

Canine teeth

A

Used to grasp and puncture prey
Prey is then manipulated to be swallowed headfirst
Occurs in certain fishes and toothed whales and sea lions
Some fish can have serrated teeth
Serrations on triangular teeth of piranhas allow them to slice the flesh of their prey
Tiger sharks have serrated teeth which allows them to bite through the carapace of sea turtles

30
Q

Pharyngeal jaws

A

Structures formed by teeth being found on the tongue, roof of the mouth, gill rakers, and pharyngeal arches of fishes
Lower pharyngeal jaws of a grass carp crushes plants against a horny pad on the roof of the pharynx
Lower pharyngeal jaws of the bream is full of molars opposed by a mobile upper pharyngeal jaw with which it crushes prey such as crabs and shellfish
→ The separation of functions of jaw structures permitted huge adaptive radiations among the cichlids, sunfishes, and carps

31
Q

Why was the evolution of pharyngeal jaws important?

A

Allowed fishes to breathe and chew at the same time
Mouth could become highly specialised to use the pharyngeal jaw to crush, puncture, and drag prey into the esophagus

32
Q

Most actinopterygians (ray finned fishes) have indirect development

A

Larval stage that is much smaller than the adult
Functions such as crushing plants and snails are not possible because of the size of the pharyngeal jaws
The larvae of most ray-finned fishes feed on plankton, then change to a juvenile diet when they get bigger and then adopt their adult diet when they mature

33
Q

Elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) have direct development

A

There is no larval stage, and their diet shifts only due to change in size and habitat

34
Q

Ontogenetic trophic shift

A

Diets change as the fish grows

35
Q

Pursuit predators

A

Tend to have streamlined bodies
Have eyes set forward on the head

36
Q

Eye position for predation

A

Eyes directed anteriorly are likely used for stereoscopic vision
- Characteristic of carnivores
Eyes set laterally – wide field of vision to detect predators
- Characteristic of herbivores
- Also true for terrestrial predators and herbivores

37
Q

Long, sticky tongues

A

Used to recover insects from their habitats
- Used by echidnas – lack teeth and only need a small mouth as jaws cannot open wide

38
Q

Muscular tongues

A

Used by amphibians such as frogs to capture insects and even other amphibians
- Amphibians can also have small teeth – usually just patches of denticles that are used to grasp prey

39
Q

Tongues

A

Important structure in terrestrial vertebrates

40
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

In the mouth – uses incisors or molars to cut and crush prey
- Pharyngeal teeth

Breaking up prey accelerates chemical digestion – digestive juices can more rapidly access the higher surface area for a given volume of food
→ Animal mode of feeding can be assigned by comparing the relative ease of digestion of different food groups

Assess features of the post buccopharyngeal alimentary tract – esophagus, stomach, and intestine

41
Q

Microbial fermentation

A

Cellulose is a sugar that is difficult for animals to digest without microbes via microbial fermentation
- Herbivores tend to have long guts

42
Q

Esophagus

A

The first barrier that the food must pass from the buccopharynx is the esophagus
- In animals that swallow large chunks of food or whole prey, the esophagus tends to be pleated to allow the food chunk to pass
- If you investigate the back of the mouth (aka buccopharyngeal cavity) of a mystery vertebrate – can see the pleating or lack thereof
- Some predators that swallow large prey whole might have very small jaw teeth but have a deeply pleated esophagus
– Frogs, herons, and tuna
- Humans have a weakly pleated esophagus and need to chew their food thoroughly before the food bolus is moved to the esophagus
- The esophageal wall tends to be rich in mucus cells, the mucus from which lubricates the food on its way to the main digestive tract
- Some animals store food prior to it being moved to the stomach

43
Q

Esophagus in birds

A

Some birds have a widening of the esophagus called a crop and some rodents use check pouches to store food
- In birds the esophagus empties into the first section of the two-part stomach, the proventriculus
- After treatment with acid secretions in the proventriculus, the food is passed to the gizzard, the muscular part of the stomach that further macerates the food
- Sometimes this is done with the aid of ingested sand or pebbles, known as gastroliths

44
Q

Macro Carnivorous vertebrates

A

tend to periodically eat large meals

45
Q

Stomach of Macro Carnivorous vertebrates

A

Have large, distensible, pot-like stomachs in which the meal is slowly macreated
An empty stomach is strongly pleated
Eat a large amount of food intermittently
Terrestrial examples – crocodiles and lions
Marine example – sharks and groupers

46
Q

Micro carnivores

A

eat prey much smaller than themselves and tend to eat frequent, small meals

47
Q

Stomach of micro carnivores

A

Generally have small stomachs and relatively short intestines
The prey are smaller particles and readily accessible for digestion due to high surface area of the stomachs

BIOL2204 (16 decks)

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