module 2: videos to watch Flashcards
what is the significance of the term “myco” in mycobacterium?
it grows slowly like a fungus
how is TB spread?
air droplets
(coughing)
list the four possibilities of TB infecting the alveoli
- healthy
- macrophages take in and destroy the bacteria (latent)
- macrophages can’t destroy bacteria (latent)
- bacteria multiplies (active TB infection)
when is it hard to clinically distinguish different types of latent infection
when the immune system has had previous experience with this bacteria and the bacteria is not multiplying
what is the difference between healthy and latent scenarios?
healthy has never seen TB before
what are clues to distinguish the active infection?
symptoms
duration
what are constitutional symptoms?
affect the whole body
- fever/chills
- night sweats
- weight loss
what are lower respiratory tract symptoms?
- coughing
- bloody sputum
- chest pain
how long is the duration of active TB?
more than 3 weeks
what is the lesion called when multiple infected macrophages destroy the lungs?
granuloma
true or false: tuberculoma is the same as granuloma
true
what is it called when a granuloma is large enough for one to see?
gohn focus
what is the term for a regional lymph node + infected granuloma
gohn complex
where can a gohn complex be seen?
radiograph
what is the primary type of infection of TB?
latent
half (5%) of the latent infected patients become ________
progressive
where can local progression of TB disseminate to?
pulmonary disease
liver
other parts of lung
brain
what can disseminated TB progress to?
miliary TB
- tiny spots all over the lungs
what does secondary TB represent?
reactivation of prior latent infection at any point of infection
what factors can influence the reactivation of TB?
immune state of host
- depressed immunity (cell mediated)
- coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- transplant or chemotherapy
- IV drug use
- malnourished
- diabetes
- smoking
true or false: you can get secondary TB by being reinfected
true
what does the pink in the histology of the granuloma represent?
dead macrophages
debris
calcified over time that shows as white spot in lung
what does the portion outside of the pink part of the granuloma of the histology represent?
lymphocytes
monocytes
macrophages
reaction to infection with tubercle bacilli
what is caseation?
necrotic immune cells where the center becomes cottage cheese like
how much of the world population has latent TB?
1/3
(2.3 billion people)
about how many people have active TB?
9 million
what countries make up the majority of TB cases?
Brazil
Russia
Asian countries
African countries
TB worsens with what other disease and vice versa?
HIV
what does IRIS stand for?
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
what happens when someone with latent TB gets HIV and is treated with antiretrovirals?
unmasks IRIS
what happens when someone with active TB determines that he also has HIV, begins to treat with antiretrovirals?
paradoxical IRIS
- TB gets worse
what makes having TB and HIV at the same time so bad?
the drugs used to treat each of the infections may adversely interact with each other
what is Rifampin?
inducer for important enzymes in the liver that are responsible for metabolizing many drugs
