module 2: videos to watch

Question 1

what is the significance of the term “myco” in mycobacterium?

Answer 1

it grows slowly like a fungus

Question 2

how is TB spread?

Answer 2

air droplets
(coughing)

Question 3

list the four possibilities of TB infecting the alveoli

Answer 3

1. healthy
2. macrophages take in and destroy the bacteria (latent)
3. macrophages can’t destroy bacteria (latent)
4. bacteria multiplies (active TB infection)

Question 4

when is it hard to clinically distinguish different types of latent infection

Answer 4

when the immune system has had previous experience with this bacteria and the bacteria is not multiplying

Question 5

what is the difference between healthy and latent scenarios?

Answer 5

healthy has never seen TB before

Question 6

what are clues to distinguish the active infection?

Answer 6

symptoms
duration

Question 7

what are constitutional symptoms?

Answer 7

affect the whole body
- fever/chills
- night sweats
- weight loss

Question 8

what are lower respiratory tract symptoms?

Answer 8

• coughing
• bloody sputum
• chest pain

Question 9

how long is the duration of active TB?

Answer 9

more than 3 weeks

Question 10

what is the lesion called when multiple infected macrophages destroy the lungs?

Answer 10

granuloma

Question 11

true or false: tuberculoma is the same as granuloma

Answer 11

true

Question 12

what is it called when a granuloma is large enough for one to see?

Answer 12

gohn focus

Question 13

what is the term for a regional lymph node + infected granuloma

Answer 13

gohn complex

Question 14

where can a gohn complex be seen?

Answer 14

radiograph

Question 15

what is the primary type of infection of TB?

Answer 15

latent

Question 16

half (5%) of the latent infected patients become ________

Answer 16

progressive

Question 17

where can local progression of TB disseminate to?

Answer 17

pulmonary disease
liver
other parts of lung
brain

Question 18

what can disseminated TB progress to?

Answer 18

miliary TB
- tiny spots all over the lungs

Question 19

what does secondary TB represent?

Answer 19

reactivation of prior latent infection at any point of infection

Question 20

what factors can influence the reactivation of TB?

Answer 20

immune state of host
- depressed immunity (cell mediated)
- coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- transplant or chemotherapy
- IV drug use

• malnourished
• diabetes
• smoking

Question 21

true or false: you can get secondary TB by being reinfected

Answer 21

true

Question 22

what does the pink in the histology of the granuloma represent?

Answer 22

dead macrophages
debris
calcified over time that shows as white spot in lung

Question 23

what does the portion outside of the pink part of the granuloma of the histology represent?

Answer 23

lymphocytes
monocytes
macrophages

reaction to infection with tubercle bacilli

Question 24

what is caseation?

Answer 24

necrotic immune cells where the center becomes cottage cheese like

Question 25

how much of the world population has latent TB?

Answer 25

1/3
(2.3 billion people)

Question 26

about how many people have active TB?

Answer 26

9 million

Question 27

what countries make up the majority of TB cases?

Answer 27

Brazil
Russia
Asian countries
African countries

Question 28

TB worsens with what other disease and vice versa?

Answer 28

HIV

Question 29

what does IRIS stand for?

Answer 29

immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

Question 30

what happens when someone with latent TB gets HIV and is treated with antiretrovirals?

Answer 30

unmasks IRIS

Question 31

what happens when someone with active TB determines that he also has HIV, begins to treat with antiretrovirals?

Answer 31

paradoxical IRIS
- TB gets worse

Question 32

what makes having TB and HIV at the same time so bad?

Answer 32

the drugs used to treat each of the infections may adversely interact with each other

Question 33

what is Rifampin?

Answer 33

inducer for important enzymes in the liver that are responsible for metabolizing many drugs