module 1: assigned reading Flashcards
what is expanding retrieval schedule?
testing of retention shortly after learning to make sure encoding is accurate, then waiting longer to retrieve again, then waiting still longer for a third retrieval and so on.
what is feedback?
providing information after a question. General (right or wrong) feedback is not very helpful if the correct answer is not provided. Correct answer feedback usually produces robust gains on a final criterion measure
what is retrieval practice?
act of calling information to mind rather than rereading it or hearing it. The idea is to produce ‘an effort from within’ to induce better retention.
what is negative suggestion effect?
taking a test that provides subtly wrong answers (e.g. true or false, multiple choice) can lead students to select a wrong answer, believe it is right, and thus learn an error from taking the test.
what is test enhanced learning?
general approach that promotes retrieval practice via testing as a means to improve knowledge
what is the testing effect?
taking a test usually enhances later performance on the material relative to rereading it or to having no re-exposure at all.
what is transfer?
ability to generalize learning from one context to another or to use learned information in a new way (e.g. to solve a problem).
active vs passive retention
active is better because recollecting within requires greater effort than to passively look at a book or notes again
what was the result of the study and test (ST) trials to determine what was learned?
the learning outcome was negatively accelerated, most learning occurs on early ST trials, and learning decreases with additional trials
- test is considered neutral event
what is the purpose of test within the classrooms?
measure what has been learned from studying, gauging the knowledge that has been acquired without affecting it in any way.
what was the result of the study in which two groups of students retrieved information several times during learning and two other groups were treated similarly but only practiced retrieval once?
groups that practiced retrieval (without feedback) during learning recalled substantially more of the pairs than the other two groups.
repeated study led to virtually no improvement a week later
Retrieval practice provides much greater long-term retention than does repeated study
what are the best conditions for retrieval?
sooner retrieval is attempted after a study trial or a correct retrieval, the more likely it is to be successful.
true or false: Short delays between retrievals might foster errorless retrieval.
true, however, it might be that retrieval of information after a short delay is too much like rote rehearsal, which often produces little or no mnemonic benefit
how many retrievals are needed to maximize long-term retention?
takes time, so if one or two is enough, then practice can be terminated
what was the result when students learned swahili-english word pairs via repeated practice at retrieving the English word when presented with the associated Swahili word when given different time retrievals (1 vs 6 minutes)?
Regardless of the timing of the final test, retrieval practice with 6-min intervening intervals led to better retention relative to retrieval practice with 1-min intervening intervals
five to seven retrievals seem to be optimal in this paradigm.
- pattern of performance depended on the time between successive retrievals during initial practice
(After a week, only retrieval practice with longer intervening intervals had any effect on performance – practice that occurred every minute produced floor-level performance, no matter how many times the item was successfully retrieved.0
single test can boost retention and these benefits persist over ____ delays. Still, repeated retrievals usually benefit ____ retention relative to a single retrieval
longer
later
what do researchers who perform behavior analysis believe about retrieval practice?
retrieval attempts should be arranged so that they do not produce errors
- if an error is produced than it will be learned, making learning of the correct responses more difficult
what is a strategy for retrieval practice that precludes making errors and still permits the type of difficult retrievals that produce better long-term retention?
expanding schedule of retrieval
how does expanding schedule retrieval work?
first retrieval attempt occurs shortly after initial learning and subsequent retrieval attempts are staggered so that each successive retrieval occurs after an increasingly long interval.
what is a simple example of expanding schedule of retrieval and what is the idea of it?
learning a person’s name
idea is to gradually shape long-term retention of the information just as learning can be shaped by reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behavior
Landauer and Bjork predicted that expanding retrieval schedules would produce better performance than which two schedules?
equal interval and massed
what is equal interval schedules?
intervals between retrieval attempts remain constant
what is massed schedules?
repeated retrieval with no intervening interval
Findings from their experiments showed a benefit of an expanding schedule relative to an equal-interval schedule on a final test given after a relatively short retention interval of how much time?
30 minutes
