Module 2 Section 2 CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
What are the two forms of glucose and how are they different
Alpha & beta
They are the same except for one group is reversed (hydroxyl OH group)
Glucose is a monosaccharide with 6 carbons. It is a…
Hexose monosaccharide
Ribose is a monosaccharide with 5 carbons. It is a…
Pentose monosaccharide
What three elements are all carbohydrates made up of and in what quantities
Carbon hydrogen & oxygen
USUALLY two hydrogen and one oxygen for every one carbon
What functions do glucoses structure make it good for
It’s the main energy source in a plant or animal so the structure that makes it soluble is good for the function of being transported around a plant or animal
And it’s bonds contain lots of energy
What kind of bonds join monosaccharides to form di & polysaccharides
Glycosidic bonds
Describe the process of monosaccharide synthesis
A hydrogen atom on one monosaccharide bonds to a hydroxyl (OH) group on another, releasing a water (H20) molecule and forming a glycosidic bond
What type of reaction is monosaccharide synthesis
Condensation reaction
Describe the process of the glycosidic bond breaking in a di/polysaccharide
A molecule of water (H20) reacts with the glycosidic bond, breaking it apart
What type of reaction is the breaking of a glycosidic bond
Hydrolysis
What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide sucrose
Alpha glucose & fructose
What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide maltose
Two alpha glucose
What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide lactose
Beta glucose & galactose
What polysaccharide is formed by bonding many of the monosaccharide alpha glucose
Amylose
What are the three polysaccharides and their functions
Starch- main energy storage in plants
Glycogen- main energy storage in animals
Cellulose- major component of cell walls in plants (structural)
What are the two polysaccharides of alpha glucose that make up starch and their structure & function
AMYLOSE
long, unbranded, Coiled, compact
Good for storage BC more can be fit in a small space
AMYLOPECTIN
long, branched
Branches mean glycosidic bond breaking enzymes can get at them easily and release the glucose (energy) quickly
Is starch soluble or insoluble? Why is this useful?
Starches insolubleness means it doesn’t cause water to enter the cells by osmosis which would make them swell. It means it is good for storage BC the cells stay small
Structure and function of glycogen
Similar structure to amylopectin but with even more branches- more branches means glucose can be released by enzymes even quicker in animals (important)
Also compact so good for storage
Structure and function of cellulose
Long, unbranched chains of beta glucose
Straight chains can be linked by weak but plentiful hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils- these strong fibres mean cellulose has good structural support for cells (eg plant cell walls)
What is a carbohydrate polymer made up of
Small monosaccharide monomers bonded together
What are the two forms of glucose and how are they different
Alpha & beta
They are the same except for one group is reversed (hydroxyl OH group)
Glucose is a monosaccharide with 6 carbons. It is a…
Hexose monosaccharide
Ribose is a monosaccharide with 5 carbons. It is a…
Pentose monosaccharide
What three elements are all carbohydrates made up of and in what quantities
Carbon hydrogen & oxygen
USUALLY two hydrogen and one oxygen for every one carbon
What functions do glucoses structure make it good for
It’s the main energy source in a plant or animal so the structure that makes it soluble is good for the function of being transported around a plant or animal
And it’s bonds contain lots of energy
What kind of bonds join monosaccharides to form di & polysaccharides
Glycosidic bonds
Describe the process of monosaccharide synthesis
A hydrogen atom on one monosaccharide bonds to a hydroxyl (OH) group on another, releasing a water (H20) molecule and forming a glycosidic bond
What type of reaction is monosaccharide synthesis
Condensation reaction
Describe the process of the glycosidic bond breaking in a di/polysaccharide
A molecule of water (H20) reacts with the glycosidic bond, breaking it apart
What type of reaction is the breaking of a glycosidic bond
Hydrolysis
What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide sucrose
Alpha glucose & fructose
What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide maltose
Two alpha glucose
What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide lactose
Beta glucose & galactose
What polysaccharide is formed by bonding many of the monosaccharide alpha glucose
Amylose
What are the three polysaccharides and their functions
Starch- main energy storage in plants
Glycogen- main energy storage in animals
Cellulose- major component of cell walls in plants (structural)
What are the two polysaccharides of alpha glucose that make up starch and their structure & function
AMYLOSE
long, unbranded, Coiled, compact
Good for storage BC more can be fit in a small space
AMYLOPECTIN
long, branched
Branches mean glycosidic bond breaking enzymes can get at them easily and release the glucose (energy) quickly
Is starch soluble or insoluble? Why is this useful?
Starches insolubleness means it doesn’t cause water to enter the cells by osmosis which would make them swell. It means it is good for storage BC the cells stay small
Structure and function of glycogen
Similar structure to amylopectin but with even more branches- more branches means glucose can be released by enzymes even quicker in animals (important)
Also compact so good for storage
Structure and function of cellulose
Long, unbranched chains of beta glucose
Straight chains can be linked by weak but plentiful hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils- these strong fibres mean cellulose has good structural support for cells (eg plant cell walls)
What is a carbohydrate polymer made up of
Small monosaccharide monomers bonded together
