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Biology: Module 2, Section 2, Biological Molecules > Module 2 Section 2 CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

Module 2 Section 2 CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two forms of glucose and how are they different

A

Alpha & beta

They are the same except for one group is reversed (hydroxyl OH group)

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2
Q

Glucose is a monosaccharide with 6 carbons. It is a…

A

Hexose monosaccharide

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3
Q

Ribose is a monosaccharide with 5 carbons. It is a…

A

Pentose monosaccharide

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4
Q

What three elements are all carbohydrates made up of and in what quantities

A

Carbon hydrogen & oxygen

USUALLY two hydrogen and one oxygen for every one carbon

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5
Q

What functions do glucoses structure make it good for

A

It’s the main energy source in a plant or animal so the structure that makes it soluble is good for the function of being transported around a plant or animal
And it’s bonds contain lots of energy

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6
Q

What kind of bonds join monosaccharides to form di & polysaccharides

A

Glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

Describe the process of monosaccharide synthesis

A

A hydrogen atom on one monosaccharide bonds to a hydroxyl (OH) group on another, releasing a water (H20) molecule and forming a glycosidic bond

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8
Q

What type of reaction is monosaccharide synthesis

A

Condensation reaction

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9
Q

Describe the process of the glycosidic bond breaking in a di/polysaccharide

A

A molecule of water (H20) reacts with the glycosidic bond, breaking it apart

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10
Q

What type of reaction is the breaking of a glycosidic bond

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide sucrose

A

Alpha glucose & fructose

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12
Q

What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide maltose

A

Two alpha glucose

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13
Q

What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide lactose

A

Beta glucose & galactose

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14
Q

What polysaccharide is formed by bonding many of the monosaccharide alpha glucose

A

Amylose

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15
Q

What are the three polysaccharides and their functions

A

Starch- main energy storage in plants
Glycogen- main energy storage in animals
Cellulose- major component of cell walls in plants (structural)

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16
Q

What are the two polysaccharides of alpha glucose that make up starch and their structure & function

A

AMYLOSE
long, unbranded, Coiled, compact
Good for storage BC more can be fit in a small space

AMYLOPECTIN
long, branched
Branches mean glycosidic bond breaking enzymes can get at them easily and release the glucose (energy) quickly

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17
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble? Why is this useful?

A

Starches insolubleness means it doesn’t cause water to enter the cells by osmosis which would make them swell. It means it is good for storage BC the cells stay small

18
Q

Structure and function of glycogen

A

Similar structure to amylopectin but with even more branches- more branches means glucose can be released by enzymes even quicker in animals (important)
Also compact so good for storage

19
Q

Structure and function of cellulose

A

Long, unbranched chains of beta glucose
Straight chains can be linked by weak but plentiful hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils- these strong fibres mean cellulose has good structural support for cells (eg plant cell walls)

20
Q

What is a carbohydrate polymer made up of

A

Small monosaccharide monomers bonded together

21
Q

What are the two forms of glucose and how are they different

A

Alpha & beta

They are the same except for one group is reversed (hydroxyl OH group)

22
Q

Glucose is a monosaccharide with 6 carbons. It is a…

A

Hexose monosaccharide

23
Q

Ribose is a monosaccharide with 5 carbons. It is a…

A

Pentose monosaccharide

24
Q

What three elements are all carbohydrates made up of and in what quantities

A

Carbon hydrogen & oxygen

USUALLY two hydrogen and one oxygen for every one carbon

25
Q

What functions do glucoses structure make it good for

A

It’s the main energy source in a plant or animal so the structure that makes it soluble is good for the function of being transported around a plant or animal
And it’s bonds contain lots of energy

26
Q

What kind of bonds join monosaccharides to form di & polysaccharides

A

Glycosidic bonds

27
Q

Describe the process of monosaccharide synthesis

A

A hydrogen atom on one monosaccharide bonds to a hydroxyl (OH) group on another, releasing a water (H20) molecule and forming a glycosidic bond

28
Q

What type of reaction is monosaccharide synthesis

A

Condensation reaction

29
Q

Describe the process of the glycosidic bond breaking in a di/polysaccharide

A

A molecule of water (H20) reacts with the glycosidic bond, breaking it apart

30
Q

What type of reaction is the breaking of a glycosidic bond

A

Hydrolysis

31
Q

What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide sucrose

A

Alpha glucose & fructose

32
Q

What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide maltose

A

Two alpha glucose

33
Q

What monosaccharides bond to form the disaccharide lactose

A

Beta glucose & galactose

34
Q

What polysaccharide is formed by bonding many of the monosaccharide alpha glucose

A

Amylose

35
Q

What are the three polysaccharides and their functions

A

Starch- main energy storage in plants
Glycogen- main energy storage in animals
Cellulose- major component of cell walls in plants (structural)

36
Q

What are the two polysaccharides of alpha glucose that make up starch and their structure & function

A

AMYLOSE
long, unbranded, Coiled, compact
Good for storage BC more can be fit in a small space

AMYLOPECTIN
long, branched
Branches mean glycosidic bond breaking enzymes can get at them easily and release the glucose (energy) quickly

37
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble? Why is this useful?

A

Starches insolubleness means it doesn’t cause water to enter the cells by osmosis which would make them swell. It means it is good for storage BC the cells stay small

38
Q

Structure and function of glycogen

A

Similar structure to amylopectin but with even more branches- more branches means glucose can be released by enzymes even quicker in animals (important)
Also compact so good for storage

39
Q

Structure and function of cellulose

A

Long, unbranched chains of beta glucose
Straight chains can be linked by weak but plentiful hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils- these strong fibres mean cellulose has good structural support for cells (eg plant cell walls)

40
Q

What is a carbohydrate polymer made up of

A

Small monosaccharide monomers bonded together

Biology: Module 2, Section 2, Biological Molecules (4 decks)

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