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Biom1071 > Module 2: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Module 2: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system? (6)

A
  1. Gas exchange from CVS and RS
  2. ATP creation through cellular respiration
  3. Vocalization
  4. Filtration
  5. Thermal regulation
  6. Blood pH regulation
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2
Q

What does external respiration enatil?

A

The movement of gases between the environment and the cells of the body

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3
Q

What does internal respiration entail?

A

The exchange of CO2 from cells and tissues to the CVS

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4
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Breathing air in

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5
Q

What are the 6 anatomical structures of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Nose structures
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchus
  6. Lungs
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6
Q

What are the 9 structures of the upper respiratory system (nose)

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Nasal meatuses
  3. Nasal vestibule
  4. Hard palate
  5. Soft palate
  6. Uvula
  7. Tubal tonsil
  8. Olfactory epithelium
  9. Olfactory nerves
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7
Q

What is the structure and purpose of the nasal conchae?

A

Structure: superior, middle and inferior.
Purpose: allows for warmth, humidifying, filtration and olfaction (smell)

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8
Q

What is the structure and purpose of the nasal meatuses

A

Structure: superior, middle and inferior
Purpose: allows direction of airflow, olfaction, drain mucus and tears, resonance of speech

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9
Q

What is the purpose of he nasal vestibule?

A

Hair and sebaceous gland for protection, filtering, warmth and humidity, sense, touch and temperature

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10
Q

What is the purpose of tubal tonsil?

A

Immune and lymphatic drainage

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11
Q

What is the 5 purpose of the uvula?

A

Stops food moving into nasal cavity, speech, articulation, salivary glands, immune.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the hard and soft palate?

A

Close nasal passages during swallowing and speech (m&n)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the olfactory nerves and epithelium?

A

Detects odors and transmits sense of smell to brain

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14
Q

What the 4 main structures of the pharynx?

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsil
  2. Oropharynx (palatine and lingual tonsils)
  3. Isthmus of the fauces
  4. Laryngopharynx
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15
Q

What is the purpose of isthmus of the fauces?

A

Passage that connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx

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16
Q

What is the 4 purposes of the laryngopharynx?

A
  1. Food passage
  2. air passage
  3. protective sensory receptors
  4. Induces cough reflex
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17
Q

What is the structures of the external neck?

A
  1. Body of hyoid bone
  2. Jugular notch
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18
Q

What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?

A

Anchor point for swallowing and speech

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the jugular notch?

A

To medically assess venous pressure, observing thyroid gland, radiological measurements

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20
Q

What are the 2 main structures of the larynx?

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Thyroid cartilage
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21
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

Trapdoor. Will close when breathing or eating. Stops things going down the wrong way

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22
Q

What are the structures of the trachea?

A
  1. Annular ligaments
  2. Cartilage rings
  3. Carina
  4. Trachial muscle
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23
Q

What is the purpose of the trachea?

A

Air tube. Cartilagenous tube in mediastinum.
Filters, warmth, humidifying.
Posterior trachial muscle allows for pressure from oesophagus

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the goblet cell in the bronchi and trachea?

A

Mucus generation to trap pathogens

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25
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hairline, specialized protein structures that move rhythmically - collar escalator

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26
Q

What are the the structures of the pleural cavity?

A
  1. Parietal pleura
  2. Pleural cavity
  3. Visceral pleura
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27
Q

What is the purpose of the visceral pleura?

A
  1. Covers surface of lungs
  2. Protects from friction
  3. Maintains shape
  4. Prevents lung collapse
  5. Synchronizes movement with chest wall
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28
Q

What is the purpose of the parietal pleura?

A
  1. Lines thoracic cavity
  2. Protects from friction
  3. Integrity of pleural cavity
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29
Q

what is the pupose of the pleural cavity?

A
  1. contains ~25ml of pleural fluid, creates a moist, slippery surface so reduces friction
  2. holds lungs tight against the thoracic wall
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30
Q

what is pleural effusion?

A

when fluid builds up in the pleural cavity due to injury or infection, reducing lung capacity

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31
Q

what are the main structures of the lungs?

A
  1. superior lobes (both)
  2. middle lobe (RHS only)
  3. inferior lobes (both)
  4. main bronchus (primary)
  5. lobar bronchus (secondary)
  6. segmental bronchus (tertiary)
  7. cardiac notch
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32
Q

what symptoms would you experience if you have a bronchus blockage?

A
  1. fatigue
  2. cold
  3. dizzy
  4. others
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33
Q

what are the 6 structures of the bronchioles?

A
  1. alveolar duct
  2. alvoeli
  3. terminal bronchiole
  4. alveolar sac
  5. respioratory bronchiole
  6. smooth muscle
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34
Q

what is the difference between bronchus and bronchiole?

A

Bronchus have C-shaped cartilagenous rings and bronchioles don’t

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35
Q

why is there smooth muscle on the bronchioles, rather than cartilage?

A

to allow for bronchicontriction or dialation to change air transfer, deopending on the boys need

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36
Q

explain the purpose of the alveolus

A

holds pockets of air to facilitate gas exchange between the the RS and CVS

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37
Q

describe the structure of the alveolus

A
  1. wrapped in capillaries to allow gas exhange
  2. Type 1 cells - simple squamous epithelial cells - diffusion
  3. macrophage - protection
  4. Type 2 - simple cuboidal epithelial cells - produces surfectant
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38
Q

what is profusion in the lungs?

A

blood delivered to alveoli to pick up CO2 and deliver O2 to the capillaries

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39
Q

what is the word for the cells in the alveolus?

A

pheumocytes

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40
Q

what are the muscles for respiration?

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. scalenes
  3. internal and external intercostals
  4. Oblique muscles of the abdomen
  5. Rectus and transverse abdominis
  6. diaphragm
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41
Q

what is eupnea?

A

quiet breathing, at rest. either diaphragmatic or costal

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42
Q

what is Hyperpnea?

A

fast, forced, active breathing
accessory muscles are activated to assist breathing

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43
Q

what are the muscles of exhalation?

A
  1. internal intercostals depress ribs
  2. abdominal muscles compress obdominal contents and reduce volume of thoracic cavity
    external and internal obliques
    transverse abdominis
    rectus abdominis
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44
Q

what is Boyles Law?

A

the volume of gas and pressure are inversely proportional at a given temperature

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45
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

alveolar pressure (AP). pressure within the lungs

46
Q

what is intrapleural pressure?

A

pressure within the pleural cavity

47
Q

which other pressures are higher than intrapleural pressure?

A
  1. intrapulmonary
  2. atmospheric
48
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure?

A

pressure difference between the intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure

49
Q

what is compliance?

A

the recoil of elastic fibers/stretch

50
Q

where does compliance occuer?

A

lungs and accessory muscles

51
Q

what does it mean to have high compliance?

A

lungs and chest wall expand easily

52
Q

what does it mean to have low compliance?

A

stiffness, harder to take a breath

53
Q

what diseases could affect compliance?

A
  1. cycstic fibrosis
  2. asthma
  3. emphysema
54
Q

what is airway resistance?

A

the resistance of air through the respiratory tract during breathing

55
Q

how is sirway resistance defined?

A

by how much effort is required to move air in and out of lungs

56
Q

what factors affect airway resistance?

A
  1. length
  2. radius
  3. cross sectional area
  4. density/viscosity
  5. velocity of gas
57
Q

what is the relationship for the pressure gradient and airway resistance?

A

directly proportional to pressure gradient between external atmosphere and alveoil and inversly proportional to resistance

F(proportional) xP/R

58
Q

which way does the chest recoil?

59
Q

which way do the lungs recoil?

60
Q

what forces are acting on the lungs when open?

A
  1. transmural gradient
  2. pulmonary surefcant
  3. alveolar interdepenedence
61
Q

what forces are acting on the lungs when closed?

A
  1. alveolar surface tension
  2. elasticity of stretch in pumonary connective tissue
62
Q

what is the process of gas exchange in external respiration?

A
  1. lungs
  2. O2 from alveoli to pulmonary capillary
  3. CO2 to alveoli from pulmonary capillary
63
Q

what is the process of gas exchange in internal respiration?

A

1, cells
2. O2 delivered from capillaries to tissues and cells
3. CO2 produced by cellular metabolism, moves from cells to blood stream

64
Q

what is Ficks law?

A

the shorter the distance of diffusion means the faster the rate of diffusion

65
Q

what does suractant do?

A
  1. keeps alveoli open by disrupting the polarity of water within the alveoli due to it being a lipid (fat)
  2. maintains surface tension
  3. creates more in smaller alveoli
66
Q

what is Daltons law?

A

each gas has its own partial pressure based on the concentration of the solution

67
Q

What is Henrys Law?

A

the amount of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure above the liquid. Gases will always move down the pressure gradient

68
Q

what 3 methods explain gas exchange by diffusion?

A
  1. Daltons and Henrys law: pressure gradient of certain gases
  2. thickness of surface area (Ficks Law)
  3. ventilation-perfusion coupling
69
Q

what is ventilation perfusion coupling?

A

breathing in and moving blood through the capillaries to enable gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries

70
Q

what happens when ventilation is less than perfusion?

A
  1. pulmonary artererioles constict
  2. bronchioles dialate
  3. perfusion decreases
  4. ventilation increases
    Less O2 in the body
71
Q

what happens when ventilation is more than perfusion?

A
  1. pulmonary arterioles dialate
  2. bronchioles contrcit
  3. perfusion increases
  4. ventilation decreases
    more CO2 in the body
72
Q

how does gas travel around the body?

A

in haemoglobin, by binding to the globin

73
Q

how does O2 travel around the body?

A
  1. `1.5% dissolves into plasma and diffuses into cells
  2. the rest binds to haemoglobin=oxyhaemoglobin
74
Q

what is the ideal oxyhaemoglobin %?

75
Q

how does CO2 travel around the body?

A
  1. 70% bound to bicarbonate ions
  2. 20% binds to the amino group carbaminohemoglobin
  3. dissolves into plasma
76
Q

what is the main role of CO2?

A

to regulate pH of blood

77
Q

what is the chemical reaction for CO2 in the blood?

A

CO2+H2O <—-> H2CO3<—> H+ + HCO3-

78
Q

what is the haldane effect?

A

when the binding or release of one oxygen molecule changes the shape of the haemoglobin molecule.

79
Q

how does the haldane effect affect CO2 in the tissues

A
  1. O2 is released from haemoglobin
  2. this enables a binding od CO2 and protons (forming bicarbonate)
  3. removed from tissues
80
Q

how does the haldane effect affect CO2 in the lungs

A
  1. O2 binds to haemoglobin
  2. decreases capacity to bind with CO2 and protons
  3. CO2 is released and exhaled into the atmosphere
81
Q

what is the Bohr effect?

A

a lower pH will increase O2 release to encourage CO2 binding

82
Q

how does temperature affect O2?

A

high temperature releases O2, increases O2 metabolising tissues, where heat is generated

83
Q

what is 2-3 Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)?

A
  1. an acid that binds to haemoglobin
  2. reduces affinity of O2
  3. increasing oxygen release
    4/ is a non-competitive inhibitor of RBS and causes a change in shape of O2 receptors
84
Q

how is breathing regulated?

A
  1. phrenic nerve innervates intercostal nerves, which innervate intercostal muscles
  2. cyclic neural activity from brain stem and respiratory muscles
85
Q

where are the respiratory neurons?

A

in the medulla oblongata

86
Q

what are the 3 regions of the neural groups?

A
  1. Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)
  2. Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
  3. Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
87
Q

what is the pre-Botzinger complex?

A

is the pacemaker of the respiratory system. It spontaneously fires AP

88
Q

where is the Dorsal Respiratory Group DRG?

A

within the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)

89
Q

what does the DRG control?

A

inspiration

90
Q

what does the VRG control?

A

active breathing

91
Q

what does the Pons Respiratory Centre do?

A
  1. fine tunes breathing whilst; talking, sleeping, excercise.
  2. integrates input from peripheral sensory receptors and higher brain centres
  3. communicates and modifies the DRG and VRG neurons
92
Q

What are the chemical factors for affluent signaling in the respiratory system?

A
  1. Arterial CO2
  2. H+
  3. O2
93
Q

Which chemoreceptors trigger a respiratory response?

A

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors

94
Q

What is the inflation reflex?

A

When stretch receptors signal respiratory centre’s via vagus nerve to end inspiration and lung recoil

95
Q

What are pulmonary irritants?

A
  1. Mucus
  2. Dust
  3. Fumes
  4. Etc
96
Q

What happens when the bronchial receptors are activated due to irritants?

A
  1. Communicate with respiratory centre’s via the vagus nerve
  2. Initates a reflex contristiction
  3. Cough/sneeze occurs
97
Q

Which brain centre’s control respiratory responses?

A

Hypothalamus and motor cortex

98
Q

What does the carotoidbody chemoreceptor do?

A
  1. Increases blood flow
  2. Detects low O2 (hypoxemia: 60>30mmHg)
  3. Increases ventilation when pressure is <20mmHg
99
Q

Where are the carotoid body chemoreceptors found?

A

Pass to the glossopharyngeal nerves and to the DRG

100
Q

Where is the aortic chemoreceptors found?

A

Through the vagus nerve and to DRG

101
Q

What does the aorticbody chemoreceptor do?

A
  1. Reduce blood flow
  2. Detects low O2 (hypoxemia)
  3. Detects high CO2 (hypercapnia)
  4. Detects high H+ (acidosis)
102
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors?

A

In the medulla oblongatta

103
Q

What does the central chemoreceptors detect in the CSF

A
  1. High levels of CO2 (hypercapnia)
  2. High levels of H+ (acidosis)
104
Q

Where are the stretch receptors?

A

In the walls of the airway in the lungs

105
Q

What do the stretch receptors detect?

A

1Lung inflation

106
Q

Which nerve innervates the stretch receptors?

A

Vagus nerve

107
Q

What is the reflex arch of the stretch receptors?

A
  1. Lungs over inflate
  2. Stretch receptors send inhibitory signals to medulla
  3. Temporary halt in inspiration occurs
108
Q

What is the name of the stretch reflex arch? (Hint:name)

A

Hearing-Breuer Reflex (1869)

109
Q

What 2 factors increase ventilation during exercise?

A
  1. Increase in tidal volume
  2. Increase in respiratory rate
110
Q

What happens to respiration during excercise?

A
  1. Contraction of respiratory muscles
  2. Contraction of accessory muscles
  3. Contraction of diaphragm
111
Q

What is stimulation during excercise?

A
  1. Cortical motor center
  2. Respiratory center
112
Q

What receptors activate during excercise in the muscles, tendons and jounts?

A

Proprioceptors

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