Module 2 pre-lab / lab Flashcards
List five main functions of bone.
Support, protection, assist in movement, storage, blood cell production.
List the main components (tissue types) of the skeletal system.
Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
List the names of the main cartilage types. Which of these forms of cartilage is most closely associated with bone.
Fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage most closely associated with
bone.
Complete the table below in regards to bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis.
Calcitonin
- Thyroid gland
- Encourages osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone (reduces blood calcium).
Parathyroid hormone
- Parathyroid glands
- Indirectly increases osteoclast activity (increases blood calcium).
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells, lay down bone matrix
Osteocytes
Maintain bone matrix
Osteoclasts
Bone destroying cells, remodel bone matrix
A bone that has been decalcified is bendy. Which component of the bone matrix (organic or
inorganic) has been removed in the decalcification process?
Calcium – Inorganic (calcium is a mineral)
Name the crystals that make up this missing component.
Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
Which component of the matrix (organic or inorganic) remains in the bone tissue after these
crystals are removed?
Organic components
If you burnt a bone, which matrix component would be destroyed and what properties would the bone then have?
Organic component burns (collagen, proteins, cells); inorganic left, very brittle
What is this functional unit of compacted bone called?
An Osteon (Haversion system)
Periosteum
Dense irregular CT sheath surrounding bone that supports blood and nerve supply. Found where ever there is no articular cartilage, protects bone and contains cells involved in the formation of bone
Central canal
Contains blood vessels, and nerves supplying bone tissue.
Found in centre of the osteon (Haversian system)
Osteon
(Haversian system) Functional unit of bone
Osteocyte
The cell responsible for bone matrix maintenance
Endosteum
Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity. Some CT and a single layer of bone-forming cells
Lamellae
Layers of bone (calcified tissue)
Can be concentric, interstitial or circumferential
The feature “C” on the model has a cylindrical shape what is the functional advantage of this in
dense bone? c = osteon
Strength
intramembranous
Bone forms directly from mesenchyme (embryological connective tissue).
endochondral
Bone forms from mesenchyme producing a hyaline cartilage model first which is replaced by bone tissue.
Name two flat bones that develop via intramembranous ossification.
Bones of the skull such as frontal, parietal temporal and occipital
Name two long bones that develop via endochondral ossification.
Humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
How many ribs are there and how are they numbered?
24, 1-12, from superior to inferior
The spaces found between each of the ribs are called what?
Intercostal spaces
What are the directions in which the ribs move?
Elevate (Up) and depress (down)
The sternum comprises three parts; name them in order from superior to inferior.
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
On the skeleton of the upper limb identify the component bones:
- Phalanges 5. Ulna
- Metacarpals 6. Humerus
- Carpals 7. Scapula
- Radius
How many carpal bones are there?
8
How are the metacarpals numbered (i.e., lateral to medial or medial to lateral)? Note the
position of the thumb when numbering – it must be in the Anatomical Position.
Lateral to medial
How many metacarpals are in each hand?
5
How many phalanges are in each digit?
3 in digits 2-5, 2 in thumb (digit 1)
- The right and left coxal bones (os coxae or “hip bones”) are composed of three separate bones
that fuse during development. What are the names of these three bones? - Which of these bones do you sit on?
- Which of these bones contain the “hip bones” or iliac crest?
pubis, ilium, ishium
ischium
Ilium
The pelvis includes what additional structure?
The coccyx (i.e., the pelvis is made up of the 2 os coxa, the sacrum and the coccyx)
Name the articulation that joins the two os coxae anteriorly.
Pubic symphysis
The articulation in Question 7 is a cartilaginous joint, how much movement does it permit?
Movement: Slightly movable
How many phalanges are in each digit?
3, 2 in big toe
Is the big toe (Hallux) located medial or lateral in the Anatomical Position?
Medial
How are the metatarsals numbered (i.e., lateral to medial or medial to lateral)?
Medial to lateral
