Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five major function of the skeletal system

A

Support, protection, assistance with movement, blood cell production, storage

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2
Q

Cartilage:

A
  • made of matrix.
  • avascular.
  • no nerves.
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3
Q

Cartilage growth:

A

2 ways:

  1. Appositional growth (cartilage is added to outside of the existing cartilage)
  2. Interstitial growth (chondrocytes within the matrix divide and add more matrix between the chondrocytes)
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4
Q

cartilage types

A

hyaline cartilage:
-collagen fibres are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix therefore matrix appears transparent and is firm but flexible. Chondrocytes are found in lacunae.
-allows the growth of long bones.
-contain chondroblasts that produce the matrix.
Fibrocartilage:
-more collagen bundles than hyaline and are arranged in thick bundles.
Elastic cartilage:
-Matrix collagen similar to hyaline but also contains elastic fibres.

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5
Q

What are the components of bone tissue (ie the matrix) and how do they relate to its properties?

A

Organic - Collagen fibres and proteoglycans -> stops bone from being too brittle.

Inorganic - Hydroxyapatite -> stops bone from being too bendable.

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6
Q

Name the three main bone cell types and state their function

A

Osteoblasts - Bone forming cells; produce the chemicals and structures that make up the matrix (lay down the matrix).
Osteoclasts - Bone destroying cells; breaks down the matrix.
Osteocytes - Maintain the matrix.

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7
Q

What is the role of collagen in bone tissue?

A

Bone strength -> stops it from being brittle.

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8
Q

Distinguish between compact and spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

Spongy bone:
• Appears porous and contains columns of bone called trabeculae. It usually surrounded by a sleeve of compact bone.
• provides strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone.
• In the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones.

Compact bone:
• very organised.
has a hard bong matrix with many osteocytes.
basic unit: osteon/harvesian system.
• great strength and support; prevents breaks and punctures.
located in the outer portions of all bones and the shafts of long bone.

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9
Q

Classify bones according to their shape, give examples.

A
  • long: upper and lower limbs e.g. femur, tibia.
  • short: carpals and tarsals.
  • flat: ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae.
  • irregular: vertebrae, facial.
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10
Q

Describe the general structure of a long bone.

A
  • diaphysis.
  • epiphysis.
  • epiphyseal plate.
  • epiphyseal line.
  • medullary cavity.
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11
Q

Describe in detail the arrangement of bone tissue in compact bone.

A

Layers of bone (lamellae) form around the central canal form the osteon. Osteocytes sit in the spaces between the lamellae (called lacunae). Periosteum is a dense, irregular CT sheath surrounding the bone. Endosteum is the thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

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12
Q

What is the embryonic precursor tissue and cell of bone?

A

Mesoderm and mesenchymal tissue.

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13
Q

How does bone ossify and how is this different for flat and long bones?

A
  • intramembranous - flat
  • endochondral – long

Intramembranous: Bone forms directly from mesenchyme. Takes place within connective tissue membranes. Flat bones.

Endochondral: Takes places within a cartilage template. Bone forms from mesenchyme producing a hyaline cartilage model first which is replaced by bone tissue. Long bones.

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14
Q

Distinguish epiphyseal lines and plates on an X-ray and explain what the presence of each will tell about the growth of bone.

A
  • epiphyseal plate is a band of cartilage left between primary and secondary ossification centres
  • the plate includes rows of young cartilage cells undergoing mitosis and new cartilage cells are being produced
  • as bone ages the cartilage cells are progressively converted to bone
  • when all the cartilage cells become bone an epiphyseal line is formed. growth in length stops
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15
Q

What are the components of the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial:

  • 80 bones.
  • bones of the head and trunk; ossicles (inner ear), skull, hyoid bone, rib cage and the vertebral column.

Appendicular:

  • 126 bones.
  • consists of the bones and cartilages that support the appendages.
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16
Q

Name and describe the various terminology given to bony features and landmarks.
head, body, neck, margin, angle, ramus, condyle, facet, process, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, epicondyle

A

Head : rounded projection

Body : Main part of bone

Neck : Constriction between head and body

Margin/border : Edge

Angle : Bend

Ramus : Branch off body of bone

Condyle : large rounded protuberance

Facet : Small flattened articular surface

Process : Prominent projection

Tubercle : Small rounded bump

Tuberosity : rounded projection

Trochanter : large projection

Epicondyle : Near or above a condyle

fossa : shallow depression

meatus : passageway

fissure : narrow slit

process : projection

crest : prominent ridge

foramen : opening

17
Q

Distinguish the general features found on a typical vertebrae, and determine how these features differ across the various regions of the vertebral column.

A

Lamina, spinous process, transverse process, pedicle, body and vertebral foramen.
Increases in size down the spine to accomodate for weight.

18
Q

Identify the features found on a typical rib and how these attach onto the vertebra and the sternum.

A

Head, neck, body and tubercle. Articulate posteriorly with the vertebrae- each rib head articulates with the thoracic vertebrae.
Ribs articulate anteriorly with the sternum.

19
Q

What is the difference between the pelvic girdle and the bony pelvis?

A
  • bony pelvis: includes the complete ring around the hip bones including the hip bones, pubic symphysis and sacrum.
  • pelvic girdle consists of only the two hip bones.
20
Q

Explain how joints are classified based on structural and functional differences.

A
  • structural: based on the major connective tissue type that binds bones (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial).
  • functional: based on degree of motion (non-moveable, slightly moveable, freely moveable).
21
Q

Describe the characteristics and sub-classification of fibrous and cartilaginous joints, giving examples.

A

Fibrous:

  • united by fibrous connective tissue.
  • have no joint cavity.
  • move a little or not at all.

Subclassifications:

  • gomphoses e.g. Hold teeth into place.
  • sutures e.g. Coronal suture.
  • syndesmoses e.g. Radioulnar.

Cartilaginous joints

  • unite two bones by means of cartilage.
  • little or no movement.
  • may be permanent or replaced by other types of joints.

Subclassifications:

  • hyaline cartilaginous joints e.g. Epiphyseal plates.
  • fibrocartilaginous joints e.g. Symphysis pubis.
22
Q

Explain the features common to all synovial joints and give examples synovial joints.

A

Synovial

  • contains synovial fluid.
  • allows considerable movement.
  • complex joints.
  • most are joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton.
  • reflect greater mobility of appendicular skeleton compared to axial.
23
Q

Define various terms of movement that occur at synovial joints.

A
  • gliding.
  • angular.
  • circular.
  • combination of types.