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Ergonomics > Module 2: Posture and Movement > Flashcards

Module 2: Posture and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

what play a central role in ergonomics?

A

posture and movement

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2
Q

what provides the force necessary to adopt a posture or make a movement?

A

muscles

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3
Q

these have an auxiliary functions

A

ligaments

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4
Q

what allow relative movement of the various parts of the body?

A

joints

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5
Q

poor posture can lead to what on the muscles, ligaments, and joints?

A

local mechanical stress

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6
Q

what is principle 1?

A

joints must be in neutral position

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7
Q

what is principle 2?

A

keep the work close to the body

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8
Q

what is principle 3?

A

avoid bending forward

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9
Q

the upper body of an adult weighs about?

A

40 kg in average

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10
Q

where in the body is the stress particularly large?

A

lower back

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11
Q

what is principle 4?

A

a twisted trunk strains the back

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12
Q

what is principle 5?

A

sudden movements and forces produce peak stresses

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13
Q

what is principle 6?

A

alternate posture as well as movements

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14
Q

what is principle 7?

A

limit the duration of any continuous muscular effort

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15
Q

a continuous stress leads to a what?

A

localized muscle fatigue

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16
Q

it is a state of muscle discomfort and reduced muscle performance

A

muscle fatigue

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17
Q

what is the relationship of time and muscular effort?

A

the higher the muscular effort is, the lower time for it to be maintained

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18
Q

what is principle 8?

A

prevent muscular exhaustion

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19
Q

what is principle 9?

A

more frequent breaks are better than a single long one

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20
Q

what is principle 10?

A

limit the energy expenditure in a task

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21
Q

how many energy does a prolonged task without experiencing any general fatigue is demanded of the task?

A

< 250W

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22
Q

what activities demand less than 250W?

A

writing, typing, ironing, light walk

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23
Q

what is principle 11?

A

rest is necessary after heavy tasks

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24
Q

what is principle 12?

A

take account of differences in body sizes

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25
Q

what is principle 13?

A

use the anthropometric tables appropriate for specific populations

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26
Q

what is imposed by the task or workplace?

A

posture

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27
Q

what is principle 14?

A

select a basic posture that fits the job

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28
Q

what has a number of advantages compared to standing?

A

sitting

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29
Q

what is principle 15?

A

alternate sitting with standing and walking

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30
Q

what is principle 16?

A

the height of the seat and back rest of the chair must be adjustable

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31
Q

what is principle 17?

A

provide proper seating instructions

32
Q

what is principle 18?

A

specific chair characteristics are determined by the task

33
Q

what is principle 19?

A

the work height depends on the task

34
Q

what is principle 20?

A

the height of the work surface, seat, and feet must be compatible

35
Q

what is principle 21?

A

use a footrest if the work height is fixed

36
Q

what is principle 22?

A

avoid excessive reaches

37
Q

what radius should all things considered used daily in most operations be?

A

approx. 50 cm

38
Q

where should workpieces be placed?

A

in front of or near the body

39
Q

what is principle 23?

A

select a sloping work surface for reading tasks

40
Q

what degrees does the position of work surface for reading purposes?

A

45 degrees

41
Q

what degrees does the position of work surface for writing purposes?

A

15 degrees

42
Q

what is principle 24?

A

allow sufficient legroom

43
Q

what is the width clearance for the table?

A

60 cm

44
Q

what is the required depth clearance for the table at the knees and feet?

A

at the knees = 40cm
at the feet = 100cm

45
Q

what is the required thickness of a writing surface of the table?

A

<= 3cm

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Activities where considerable forces must be exerted or frequently changed should be carried out in a standing position

A

True

47
Q

what is principle 25?

A

alternate standing with sitting and walking

48
Q

what is principle 26?

A

the work height depends on the task

49
Q

what is principle 27?

A

the height of the work table must be adjustable

50
Q

what is principle 28?

A

do not use platforms

51
Q

what is principle 29?

A

provide sufficient room for the legs and feet

52
Q

what is principle 30?

A

avoid excessive reaches

53
Q

what is principle 31?

A

select a sloping work surface for reading tasks

54
Q

these techniques relate to the provision of a varied task package

A

change of posture

55
Q

what is principle 32?

A

offer variation in tasks and activities

56
Q

what is principle 33?

A

introduce sit-stand work stations

57
Q

what is principle 34?

A

alternate sitting postures

58
Q

what is principle 35?

A

make occasional use of a pedestal stool in standing work

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Working for long periods with the hand and arm in a good posture can lead to specific complaints of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder

A

False = POOR posture

60
Q

what ailment is a local inflammation of a tendon attachment due to a combination of a bent elbow and bent wrist?

A

tennis elbow

61
Q

what play a role in the development and aggravation of application of a force and repetitive movement?

A

repetitive strain injuries (RSI)

62
Q

what is principle 36?

A

select the right model of tool

63
Q

what is principle 37?

A

do not bend the wrist, use curved tools instead

64
Q

what is principle 38?

A

hand-held tools must not be too heavy

65
Q

what is principle 39?

A

maintain your tools

66
Q

what kg should a tool weigh?

A

< 2kg

67
Q

what is principle 40?

A

pay attention to the shape of handgrips

68
Q

the handgrip must have a diameter of aprox. ___ and length of approx. ____?

A

diameter = 3cm
length = 10cm

69
Q

should you use pre-shaped handgrips?

A

no, the fingers will be constrained

70
Q

what is principle 41?

A

avoid carrying tasks above shoulder level

71
Q

what is principle 42?

A

avoid working with the hands behind the body

72
Q

this can be stressful in the energetic sense for the muscles, heart, and lungs as some of these can cause high, localized mechanical stresses that can lead to body aches and pains

A

movements

73
Q

what is still frequently needed in spite of mechanization and automation?

A

manual lifting

74
Q

this is seen as a major cause of lower back complaints

A

lifting

75
Q

what is principle 43?

A

restrict the number of tasks which require displacing loads manually

Ergonomics (9 decks)

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