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Biology 121 > Module 2 (part b) > Flashcards

Module 2 (part b) Flashcards

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1
Q

Amazon Molly

A
  • Was the first vertebrate in which unisexuality was recognized.
  • All individuals are females.
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2
Q

Parthenogenic Reproduction

A

Parthenogenesis occurs when females mate with, and receive sperm transfer from a male sailfin molly or a male shortfin molly.
(but there are no male mollies.)

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3
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • In which the sperm do not fertilize the eggs, it only serves to activate the diploid eggs to develop
    NOTE: All offspring produced are females that are clones (genetic copy) of their mother.
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4
Q

Parthenogenetic diploid species adult females are…

A

homozygous at all gene loci therefore all the progeny are also homozygous.

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5
Q

Apomixis (in plants)

A

Asexual reproduction within fertilization.

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6
Q

Sexual Reproduction Definition

A

Production of new individuals by joining of gamete to form a cell (zygote) by the process of fertilization.

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7
Q

Asexual Reproduction Advantage

A
  • large number of offspring produced rapidly
  • Only one individual required
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8
Q

Asexual Reproduction Disadvantage

A
  • Limit or no genetic variation
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9
Q

Sexual reproduction of flowering plants…

A

-Self-fertilization
- Cross-fertilization ——> Pollination

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10
Q

Animals

A
  • Cross Fertilization
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11
Q

Hermaphrodites Example

A

Earthworms and Planaria

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12
Q

Sequential Hermaphroditism

A

Some plants and animal species begin life as one sex, changing sometime to the other is a process called…

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13
Q

What does the loss of the dominant female prompts?

A

A sex change in her male partner and maturation of the most dominant immature fish as the new breeding male.

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14
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Production of new individuals by the exchange of genetic material form two individuals of different mating types.

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15
Q

Sexual Reproduction Advantage

A
  • Increases genetic variation to new genotypes.
  • Enhances reproductive success in changing environments
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16
Q

Sexual Reproduction Disadvantage

A
  • Locate a mate
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17
Q

Conjugation

A

Two organisms fuse along a common surface and exchange genetic material (gene transfer ——> genetic variation).
- There are no increase in the number individuals.

Example; Paramecium

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18
Q

What does high genetic diversity means?

A

Greater ability of some individuals to survive in a changing environment.

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19
Q

Paramecium

A
  • use both sexual and asexual reproduction
  • Uses Binary Fission as asexual reproduction.
  • Uses Conjugation as sexual reproduction.
20
Q

Viruses

A
  • consists of genetic material (nucleic acid, DNA, or RNA)
  • Contained within a protective protein coat called a capsid.
  • Do not contain all 4 biomolecule
  • Do not have a cellular structure
  • Unable to replicate outside of a living system
  • Do not reproduce.
  • They infect the cells of living organisms. “infectious agents” which cause disease.
21
Q

Viroids

A
  • Infectious particle of plants
  • Do not have a cellular structure
  • Depend upon enzymes of plant host for replication
  • Lack proteins
  • Consist of a small RNA molecule
  • RNA of viroids do not code for any proteins
22
Q

Prions

A
  • Are non-living entities
  • More simple than viruses
  • Lack hereditary material (DNA or RNA)
  • Do not have a cellular structure
  • Infectious agent
    (brain disorder)
23
Q

Viruses, viroids and prions…

A

Are non-living entities and lack cellular structure.

Not capable of reproduction or “independent” metabolism.

24
Q

Water

A
  • Is the matrix of life.
  • 60% body mass of most animals and 95% of some plants
  • Maintains osmotic pressure in cells.
25
Q

Hypertonic

A

External solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration.

26
Q

Hypotonic

A

External solution that has a low solute concentration and high water concentration.

27
Q

Isotonic

A

External solution that has the same solute concentration and same water concentration.

28
Q

Water always moves form a _________ to __________.

A

Low salt concentration to high salt concentration.

29
Q

Isotonic:-

A

Solute outside = Inside cell
NO CHANGE

30
Q

Hypotonic:-

A

Lower Solute outside cell
CELLS RAPTURE AS WATER ENTERS

31
Q

Hypertonic:-

A

Higher solute outside cell
CELL SHRINK AS WATER EXITS

32
Q

Adaptation

A

Is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat.

(Inherited characteristic of living organisms that enhances their chance of survival and reproduction in specific environments.)

33
Q

Water and species

A

Each species is adapted to a set of environmental conditions dehydration - loss of body fluids below normal range.

34
Q

What can be a significance cause of water loss?

A

Respiration

35
Q

Main water source is by…

A

metabolizing fat stores

36
Q

Counter-current exchange

A

Mechanism that minimizes water loss from respiratory system.

37
Q

Heat:-

A

Moves from warmer to colder temperature

38
Q

Inhalation

A

As an animal inhales. air from the environment passes across the nasal turbinate and it is warmed and moistened.

39
Q

Exhalation

A

When animal exhales, warm water-saturated air from the lungs passes across the cool nasal turbinates.

40
Q

Water stores in _______ then swallowed.

A

Sinuses

41
Q

Surface areas…

A

of 1000 cm^2
Humans: 160-180 cm^2

42
Q

Camel Adaptations

A
  • Pads on the feet for walking on hot soft sand, toes spread out for better grip.
  • Long strong legs for carrying load on back and keeping body further away from sand
  • A hard fat layer of skin around stomach and thick leathery patches on knee protects camel from the extreme heat while seating on the sand.
  • Long thick eye lids with double lashes reduce sand in eyes.
  • Thick (tough) split lips to eat thorny desert plants.
  • Hump: storage area for fat (food) supply in times of need
43
Q

Camel Adaptation to avoid dehydration

A
  • Metabolic water results to avoid dehydration.
  • Thick fur insulates body against extremes of heat during the day and cold at night.
  • Regulate their body temperature
    (Camel do not sweat. Does not overheat that reduce water loss and energy.)
  • Can rehydrate very quickly (>200 liters in 3 minutes)
  • can go for 2 weeks without drinking water.
  • Extremely long intestine (colon) for reabsorbing water
  • Concentrated urine (preventing water loss)
44
Q

Camel Regulates body temperature

A

As environmental temperature increases, the camel can raise its body temperature, prevent sweating which prevents water loss.

45
Q

Important:-

A

Air that is warmer than the body tends to heat an animal because heat always flows from a higher to a lower temperature.

Biology 121 (2 decks)

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