Module 1 Flashcards
Species are adapted to the __________ in which they live
Environment
A biological ADAPTATION…
Is an anatomical structure, physiological process, or behavioral trait of an organism… that increases its expected long-term reproductive success.
Marine Iguana
A reptile that spends part of its time in the sea.
Only lizard which feeds in the sea.
Marine Iguana have evolved
- laterally flattened tails to assist in swimming
- Powerful limbs with strong claws (to hold on to rocks)
- Blunt nose for grazing on seaweed
Salt glands
located under the skin, between the eyes and nostril on each side of the head.
- it ejects salt by a “sneezing” action
- spray often forms the white “wig”
Intraspecific
Variation in color of males of different islands of the Galapagos Archipelago.
How many representative organisms are there…
25 representative organism
What is biology?
It is the scientific study of life of living things
What is the unifying principle of biology?
evolution
- living things change gradually from one form into another over the course of time.
Why are there very few museums of biology?
- because it is a new term.
- usually called museums of history.
Endemic
Species live in only one or a very small number of places ; (the only place where they occur naturally)
Examples for the Galapagos Islands include
- Land and marine iguanas
Cosmopolitan Species
Species that occur in most/many regions of the world
Example of cosmopolitan species
- Brown Rat
- House Sparrow
What is Blue-footed booby adapted for?
Diving into waters
Blue-footed booby adaptations to the environment
- Streamlines shape, large tail, and nostrils that closed: useful for dining. (prevents water from going into the head).
- Large, webbed feet propel the bird through water at high speeds.
- Specialized salt-secreting glands manage salt intake while at sea. (they have two salt glands in the skull).
- uropygial gland (for waterproofing)
Greater Frigates adapted for…
Aerial Life
Greater Frigates adaptation to the environment…
- highest ratio of weight span/weight
- tiny unwebbed feet
- vestigial uropygial gland (waterproofing unnecessary); they have been less prominent over the years.
Nudibranch “sea slang”
They are endemic to the Galapagos Island.
Cerata (nudibranch)
- Use it for gas exchange.
- Are used for attack and defense purposes.
- They do not have stinging cells themselves, they get it form the species that they engulfed. And that is how they produce new cerata.
Rhinophore and Cephalic Tentacles (nudibranch)
Rhinophore - sensory tentacles
Cephalic - oral tentacles
Because it has no eyes, tentacles are used to sense food and other environmental dangers.
Nudibranch adaptations
- usually brightly colored to advertise to predators that they are unpalatable chemical defense for protection.
- many have skin glands that produce sulphuric acid or toxic secretion to repel predators.
- Bright colors used for camouflage purposes (when living on red and orange sponges).
- utilize undischarged nematocysts (stinging cells) form their prey.
Interspecific
Interactions between two different species.
Intraspecific
Interaction between two individuals of the same species.
An anatomical structure may have more than ________ function.
One
What is natural history?
It is the study of natural objects.
Origins of the study of natural history…
Earliest humans have passed on knowledge about plants and animals to increase their chances of survival. Which have included knowledge of human and animal anatomy and aspects of animal behavior.
The first major turning point in biological knowledge -Neolithic.
Humans first domesticated plants for farming, then livestock animals (food and work) in sedentary societies.
Contributions of the Ancient Greeks
- Aristotle
- Theophrastus
Aristotle
Father of biology - looked at marine animals, birds, and mammals.
- embryonic development
dissected animals (examined the development of chicken eggs - the pattern of embryonic development).
- First person to apply empirical techniques and scientific methods to study living thing : animals.
- formed questions based on observation to learn the truths about the universe.
- Used inductive reasoning
Theophrastus
- Described 500 different types of plants and divided them into trees, herbs, and shrubs based on physical appearance.
Reverend Gilbert White
The first person to study the behavior of swifts and house matins.
He was interested in what the organisms did; the behaviors.
Who defined the term Biology?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
- He said that living things should be studied as a whole.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Father of microbiology
Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Taxonomy
Georges Cuvier
Father of Paleontology
Charles Darwin
Father of evolution
Alfred Russel Wallace
Father of Biogeography
Gregor Mendel
Father of Genetics
Biology Begins with _______ and _______
Observations and Scientific Method
Empirical method
Collection of data on which to base a scientific theory or derive a conclusion in science.
Deductive Reasoning
Specific observations are predicted from a general premise.
Inductive Reasoning
General conclusions are drawn from specific observations.
Scientific Method
- Observation
- Question
- (generate) Hypothesis
- (test) Experiment
- Results
- Support for Hypothesis
Scientific Method consists of:
- Producing a hypothesis.
- Designing and performing controlled experiments or making observations that allow data relevant to the hypothesis to be collected.
- Analyzing the data in an objective way against the background of existing knowledge
- Drawing conclusions that support and reject the hypothesis.
Hypothesis
Good hypothesis is testable and can be falsifiable.
Polar Bear “maritime bear”
- lives in cold temperature
- moving across snow, ice, and open water
- hunt for prey (e.g. seals)
Polar Bear Adaptation
Is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat.
A thick layer of white fur (P.B.)
- insulation against cold
- camouflage
Thick layer of Blubber/fat (P.B.)
- insulation against cold
- store of energy
- Fat is a good source of heat
Small Ears (P.B.)
- Reduce heat loss
Sharp claws and teeth (P.B.)
- catching and eating prey
Strong (powerful) legs (P.B.)
- swimming and running - to- catch prey
Large Feet (P.B.)
- spreads body mass on ice and snow
Fur on soles of feet (P.B)
- insulation
- better grip on ice
Small Eyes (P.B)
- reduce the risk of snow blindness
- they have a clear inner eyelid known as the nictitating membrane; that protects their eyes and serves as a second lens when they are underwater. Also reduces direct contact by sunlight.
Polar Bears are…
- Largest living land carnivore
- living species = extent species.
