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Psychology 121 > Module 2 (part a) > Flashcards

Module 2 (part a) Flashcards

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1
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Influence the living organisms.

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2
Q

Non-living components of the environment

A
  • water
  • fire
    -wind
    -gases
    -pH
    -salts
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3
Q

7 characteristics of life

A
  1. All living organisms consist of one or more cells (that contain DNA)
  2. Requires a constant input of energy and raw materials.
  3. Life Conducts metabolism
  4. Organisms grow/develop
  5. Living organisms exhibit homeostasis; and regulate their internal environment.
  6. Respond to stimuli
  7. Reproduce
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4
Q

Cells

A
  • are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
  • contain DNA, cell membranes, and ribosomes.
  • are only produced from the pre-existing cells
  • have the same chemical compositions
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5
Q

What are the two heredity information of all living things.

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
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6
Q

What are the for genetic letters in DNA

A

A (adenine)
T (Thymine)
G (Guanine)
C (Cytosine)

U (Uracil) replaces T (thymine) in RNA

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7
Q

Unity of life

A

Share a common ancestor

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8
Q

DNA

A
  • stable inside individual cells
  • sequence of DNA molecules can change by mistake in DNA replication/effects of environmental agents.
    mutation —–leads to—— biological evolution
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9
Q

Life adapts through evolution

A
  • The physical, chemical, and behavioral characteristics of life change
  • Populations of living organisms change over the course of many generations.
  • Evolution results in traits that promote survival and reproductive success.
  • Evolution is possible only because of the numerous variations that exist within each species.
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10
Q

___________ percentage of the body mass of plants are composed of water.

A

80-90%

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11
Q

____________ of the body mass of mammals are composed of water.

A

50-60%

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12
Q

Humans are composed of _____ vital elements

A

4

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13
Q

Four elements comprise the bodies…

A
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon (major bunding block of all living matter)
  • Nitrogen (vital element in all proteins)
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14
Q

Aluminium

A
  • co-factors for chemical reactions (bears)
  • toxic (plants)
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15
Q

Specialized macromolecules “Biomolecules”

A
  1. Carbohydrates (C H O)
  2. Lipids (C H O)
  3. Proteins (C H O N)
  4. Nucleic Acids (C H O N P)
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16
Q

Cell are…

A

Distinct entities and building blocks of more complex organisms.

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17
Q

Hierarchy of life:-

A
  1. Atoms and elements
  2. Molecules and macromolecules
  3. Cells
  4. Tissues
  5. Organ
  6. Organ systems
  7. Organism
  8. Species
  9. Populations
  10. Community
  11. Ecosystem
  12. Biosphere
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18
Q

Population

A

A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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19
Q

Community

A

All organisms that live in a particular area

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20
Q

Ecosystem

A

All organisms in a specific area as well as the abiotic factors.

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21
Q

Biosphere

A

The sum of all ecosystems

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22
Q

Unicellular organism

A

All functioned performed

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23
Q

Multicellular Organism

A

Some cells have specialized functions

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24
Q

Unicellular species

A

…

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25
Q

Why are unicellular organisms small in size?

A
  • the size of the organism is limited because cells are subject to the surface area to volume ration
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26
Q

ratio of surface area to volume in cells

A
  • even though the cell is bigger the volume decreases.

(There is a point where the plasma membrane/cell wall can not pass enough material across it to meet the needs of the increased cytoplasmic volume)

27
Q

Sizes of most bacteria

A

Most bacteria are 0.2 micrometer in diameter and 2-8 micrometer in length.

28
Q

Sizes of protists

A

0.8-100’s micrometer
- larger than bacteria

29
Q

Example of organisms with multiple nuclei

A
  • Giardia Intestinalis (two nuclei)
  • Paramecium Caudatum (macronucleus)
30
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • Lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus
    Examples:-
  • Bifidobacterium
  • Anabaena
  • Halobacterium
31
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • have a membrane-enclosed nucleus
32
Q

Life requires a constant input of __________ and __________.

A

energy and raw materials

33
Q

Autotrophs

A
  • synthesize their own food “self-feeders”
  • are mostly green in color.
  • use an external energy source to produce organic matter from inorganic raw materials.
    (Organic molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen)
34
Q

Heterotrophs

A
  • Require performed organic molecules
  • All animals and fungi are heterotrophic.
  • use energy in organic matter obtained (eaten) from other organisms.
35
Q

All animals and fungi are heterotrophic.

A
  • Nutrients are acquired by absorption; extracellular digestion.
    Note: Humans have intercellular digestion
36
Q

How do fungi use enzymes?

A
  • some fungi use enzymes to digest large molecules directly, breaking them down into less complex compounds they can then absorb.
  • Other fungi use enzymes to break through the cell walls of other organisms allowing them access to the nutrients inside those cells.
37
Q

Photoautotrophs

A
  • use light from sun (energy) and inorganic molecules.
38
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ————> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Water Light Sugar Oxygen
Dioxide

39
Q

Most plants are _________.

A

Photoautotrophs

40
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A
  • Use inorganic compounds as an energy source.
    example:- (H gas, S, NG3, Nitrate s, Fe)
41
Q

Two types of heterotrophs

A
  1. Photoheterotrophs
  2. Chemoheterotrophs
42
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Use sunlight from the sun to generate ATP, but needs to take in organic compounds from the environment.

example: bacteria - Choroflexus, Halobacterium

43
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Must obtain organic compounds for both energy and as a carbon source.
*Most heterotrophs are chemoheterotrophs

44
Q

Didinium Nasutum

A
  • uses specialized structures (toxicysts) to attached to prey and paralyze it. Then ingest its prey through a cytosome.
45
Q

A parasitic plant

A
  • grow from birds poop.
46
Q

Life conducts metabolism

A
  • all chemical reactions occurring within an organism.
47
Q

Organisms grow / develop

A
  • All organisms increase their size.
    (by increasing cell size and/or the number of cells).
  • many organisms change over time.
48
Q

Living organisms exhibit homeostasis. Define homeostasis:-

A
  • maintain an internal steady state (relatively constant) : chemical and physical consistency in the face change in surroundings.
49
Q

Body heat

A

Generated by using energy from its food.

50
Q

Life makes short-term ______ to stimuli in the surroundings.

A

response

51
Q

Common stimuli

A

Heat, cold, light, sound, movement, touch, etc.

52
Q

The ability to respond to stimuli is _____ to all aspects of life.

A

Essential

53
Q

Protists have short-term response to certain stimuli: Amoeba Proteus

A

Thermotaxis (temperature) : prefer a certain temperature.

Phototaxis (light) : they have a optimal preference of light, not too dark not too light.

Chaemotaxis (chemical) : responds to certain chemicals.

(slide 44)

54
Q

Sensitive plant Mimosa Pudica

A

If one leaflet touches, electric signals travel throughout plant causing the entire leaf to fold.

55
Q

Reproduction

A

The production of new individual organisms from living organisms.

56
Q

Replication

A

The duplication of genetic materials.

57
Q

_______ is key to survival

A

Perpetuation

58
Q

Living organisms can reproduce by …

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • sexual reproduction
59
Q

4 types of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Fragmentation and Regeneration
  4. Parthenogenesis
60
Q

Fission

A

a. Binary fission
b. Multiple Fission

61
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • One individual separates into 2 individuals of equal size.
  • The simplest form of asexual reproduction

e.g. Paramecium and Micrasterias

62
Q

Multiple fission

A
  • one individual separates into two individuals of equal size.
    Ex. amoeba
    (slide 50)
63
Q

Budding

A
  • A new individual arises from an outgrowth of another.
    ex. bacteria
64
Q

Bee

A

(slide 53, Important, review it)

Psychology 121 (3 decks)

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