Module 2 (part a) Flashcards
Abiotic Factors
Influence the living organisms.
Non-living components of the environment
- water
- fire
-wind
-gases
-pH
-salts
7 characteristics of life
- All living organisms consist of one or more cells (that contain DNA)
- Requires a constant input of energy and raw materials.
- Life Conducts metabolism
- Organisms grow/develop
- Living organisms exhibit homeostasis; and regulate their internal environment.
- Respond to stimuli
- Reproduce
Cells
- are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
- contain DNA, cell membranes, and ribosomes.
- are only produced from the pre-existing cells
- have the same chemical compositions
What are the two heredity information of all living things.
- DNA
- RNA
What are the for genetic letters in DNA
A (adenine)
T (Thymine)
G (Guanine)
C (Cytosine)
U (Uracil) replaces T (thymine) in RNA
Unity of life
Share a common ancestor
DNA
- stable inside individual cells
- sequence of DNA molecules can change by mistake in DNA replication/effects of environmental agents.
mutation —–leads to—— biological evolution
Life adapts through evolution
- The physical, chemical, and behavioral characteristics of life change
- Populations of living organisms change over the course of many generations.
- Evolution results in traits that promote survival and reproductive success.
- Evolution is possible only because of the numerous variations that exist within each species.
___________ percentage of the body mass of plants are composed of water.
80-90%
____________ of the body mass of mammals are composed of water.
50-60%
Humans are composed of _____ vital elements
4
Four elements comprise the bodies…
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Carbon (major bunding block of all living matter)
- Nitrogen (vital element in all proteins)
Aluminium
- co-factors for chemical reactions (bears)
- toxic (plants)
Specialized macromolecules “Biomolecules”
- Carbohydrates (C H O)
- Lipids (C H O)
- Proteins (C H O N)
- Nucleic Acids (C H O N P)
Cell are…
Distinct entities and building blocks of more complex organisms.
Hierarchy of life:-
- Atoms and elements
- Molecules and macromolecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organ
- Organ systems
- Organism
- Species
- Populations
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
Population
A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Community
All organisms that live in a particular area
Ecosystem
All organisms in a specific area as well as the abiotic factors.
Biosphere
The sum of all ecosystems
Unicellular organism
All functioned performed
Multicellular Organism
Some cells have specialized functions
Unicellular species
…
Why are unicellular organisms small in size?
- the size of the organism is limited because cells are subject to the surface area to volume ration
ratio of surface area to volume in cells
- even though the cell is bigger the volume decreases.
(There is a point where the plasma membrane/cell wall can not pass enough material across it to meet the needs of the increased cytoplasmic volume)
Sizes of most bacteria
Most bacteria are 0.2 micrometer in diameter and 2-8 micrometer in length.
Sizes of protists
0.8-100’s micrometer
- larger than bacteria
Example of organisms with multiple nuclei
- Giardia Intestinalis (two nuclei)
- Paramecium Caudatum (macronucleus)
Prokaryotes
- Lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus
Examples:- - Bifidobacterium
- Anabaena
- Halobacterium
Eukaryotes
- have a membrane-enclosed nucleus
Life requires a constant input of __________ and __________.
energy and raw materials
Autotrophs
- synthesize their own food “self-feeders”
- are mostly green in color.
- use an external energy source to produce organic matter from inorganic raw materials.
(Organic molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen)
Heterotrophs
- Require performed organic molecules
- All animals and fungi are heterotrophic.
- use energy in organic matter obtained (eaten) from other organisms.
All animals and fungi are heterotrophic.
- Nutrients are acquired by absorption; extracellular digestion.
Note: Humans have intercellular digestion
How do fungi use enzymes?
- some fungi use enzymes to digest large molecules directly, breaking them down into less complex compounds they can then absorb.
- Other fungi use enzymes to break through the cell walls of other organisms allowing them access to the nutrients inside those cells.
Photoautotrophs
- use light from sun (energy) and inorganic molecules.
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ————> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Water Light Sugar Oxygen
Dioxide
Most plants are _________.
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
- Use inorganic compounds as an energy source.
example:- (H gas, S, NG3, Nitrate s, Fe)
Two types of heterotrophs
- Photoheterotrophs
- Chemoheterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Use sunlight from the sun to generate ATP, but needs to take in organic compounds from the environment.
example: bacteria - Choroflexus, Halobacterium
Chemoheterotrophs
Must obtain organic compounds for both energy and as a carbon source.
*Most heterotrophs are chemoheterotrophs
Didinium Nasutum
- uses specialized structures (toxicysts) to attached to prey and paralyze it. Then ingest its prey through a cytosome.
A parasitic plant
- grow from birds poop.
Life conducts metabolism
- all chemical reactions occurring within an organism.
Organisms grow / develop
- All organisms increase their size.
(by increasing cell size and/or the number of cells). - many organisms change over time.
Living organisms exhibit homeostasis. Define homeostasis:-
- maintain an internal steady state (relatively constant) : chemical and physical consistency in the face change in surroundings.
Body heat
Generated by using energy from its food.
Life makes short-term ______ to stimuli in the surroundings.
response
Common stimuli
Heat, cold, light, sound, movement, touch, etc.
The ability to respond to stimuli is _____ to all aspects of life.
Essential
Protists have short-term response to certain stimuli: Amoeba Proteus
Thermotaxis (temperature) : prefer a certain temperature.
Phototaxis (light) : they have a optimal preference of light, not too dark not too light.
Chaemotaxis (chemical) : responds to certain chemicals.
(slide 44)
Sensitive plant Mimosa Pudica
If one leaflet touches, electric signals travel throughout plant causing the entire leaf to fold.
Reproduction
The production of new individual organisms from living organisms.
Replication
The duplication of genetic materials.
_______ is key to survival
Perpetuation
Living organisms can reproduce by …
- asexual reproduction
- sexual reproduction
4 types of asexual reproduction
- Fission
- Budding
- Fragmentation and Regeneration
- Parthenogenesis
Fission
a. Binary fission
b. Multiple Fission
Binary Fission
- One individual separates into 2 individuals of equal size.
- The simplest form of asexual reproduction
e.g. Paramecium and Micrasterias
Multiple fission
- one individual separates into two individuals of equal size.
Ex. amoeba
(slide 50)
Budding
- A new individual arises from an outgrowth of another.
ex. bacteria
Bee
(slide 53, Important, review it)
