Module 2: Part 1 - Administering IV Med via Primary Bag Flashcards
The immune response is defensive but it also causes:
Damage from the inflammatory response.
What is hypersensitivity?
A reflection of excessive or aberrant immune response to any type of stimulus
Does an allergic reaction usually occur at first contact with an allergen?
No, the first contact is the sensitization stage. Reactions will occur in the subsequent contacts.
What is type one hypersensitivity?
This is the most severe hypersensitivity and it involves an anaphylactic reaction
What are clinical symptoms determined by?
- The amount of the allergen
- The amount of mediator released
- The sensitivity of the target organ
- The route of allergen entry
Is type 1 hypersensitivity local or systemic?
Can be either
What is another name for type 2 hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic
When does Type 2 hypersensitivity occurs
When the immune system mistakenly identifies a normal constituent of the body as foreign. This reaction may be a result of a cross-reacting antibody,
What is hypersensitivity?
A reflection of excessive or aberrant immune response to any type of stimulus
Does an allergic reaction usually occur at first contact with an allergen?
No, the first contact is the sensitization stage. Reactions will occur in the subsequent contacts.
What is type one hypersensitivity?
This is the most severe hypersensitivity and it involves an anaphylactic reaction
T or F:
IgM and IgG antibodies cause type 1 hypersensitivity.
F, this is done by IgE
What are clinical symptoms determined by?
- The amount of the allergen
- The amount of mediator released
- The sensitivity of the target organ
- The route of allergen entry
Is type 1 hypersensitivity local or systemic?
Can be either
What is another name for type 2 hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic
When does Type 2 hypersensitivity occurs
When the immune system mistakenly identifies a normal constituent of the body as foreign. This reaction may be a result of a cross-reacting antibody.
Which antibodies are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity?
IgG and IgM
What are a few examples of conditions that involve type 2 hypersensitivity?
- Myasthenia gravis, the body mistakenly generates antibodies against normal nerve-ending receptors.
- Goodpasture syndrome, it generates antibodies against lung and renal tissue, producing lung damage and renal failure.
- Incompatible blood transfusions
What is another name for type 3 hypersensitivity?
Immune complex hypersensitivity
What are the immune components involved in type 3 hypersensitivity?
Immune complexes that are formed when antigens bind to antibodies. In a normal immune response these are cleared by phagocytosis.
If the immune complexes are not cleared and instead deposit in tissues or on the endothelium they cause damage by:
- The increased amount of circulating complexes
- The presence of vasoactive amines.
Because of the above, there is an increase in vascular permeability and tissue injury.
Where in the body is most likely to experience damage by type 3 hypersensitivity?
The joints and the kidneys
What conditions are commonly associated with type 3 hypersensitivity?
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Certain types of nephritis
What is another name for type 4 hypersensitivity?
Delayed or cellular hypersensitivity
When does type 4 hypersensitivity occur?
24-72 hours after contact with allergen
What antibodies are involved in type 4 hypersensitivity?
None, this is caused by T-cells and macrophages instead.
What is an example of type 4 hypersensitivity?
Contact dermatitis from grass.
What tests are run to determine if a patient has a hypersensitivity?
- CBC with differential (eosinophil count)
- Total serum IgE levels
- Skin tests
- Provocative testing
- Radioallergosorbent test
Describe atopic disorders
- Characterized by a hereditary predisposition
- Local reaction to IgE antibodies
3 examples of atopic disorders:
- Allergic rhinitis
- Asthma
- Atopic dermatitis/eczema
How do nonatopic disorders differ from atopic ones?
They lack the genetic component and organ specificity of the atopic disorders.
What is anaphylaxis?
A clinical response to an immediate type I hypersensitivity, immunologic reaction between a specific antigen and an antibody.
Why is epinephrine give to treat anaphylactic shock?
For its vasoconstrictive action.
Why is diphenhydramine (Benadryl) administered for anaphylactic shock?
To reverse the effects of histamine, thereby reducing capillary permeability.
Why might nebulized medications, such as albuterol (Proventil) be given to treat anaphylactic shock?
To reverse histamine-induced bronchospasm.
