Module 2: Part 1 - Administering IV Med via Primary Bag

Question 1

The immune response is defensive but it also causes:

Answer 1

Damage from the inflammatory response.

Question 2

What is hypersensitivity?

Answer 2

A reflection of excessive or aberrant immune response to any type of stimulus

Question 3

Does an allergic reaction usually occur at first contact with an allergen?

Answer 3

No, the first contact is the sensitization stage. Reactions will occur in the subsequent contacts.

Question 4

What is type one hypersensitivity?

Answer 4

This is the most severe hypersensitivity and it involves an anaphylactic reaction

Question 5

What are clinical symptoms determined by?

Answer 5

• The amount of the allergen
• The amount of mediator released
• The sensitivity of the target organ
• The route of allergen entry

Question 6

Is type 1 hypersensitivity local or systemic?

Answer 6

Can be either

Question 7

What is another name for type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 7

Cytotoxic

Question 8

When does Type 2 hypersensitivity occurs

Answer 8

When the immune system mistakenly identifies a normal constituent of the body as foreign. This reaction may be a result of a cross-reacting antibody,

Question 9

What is hypersensitivity?

Answer 9

A reflection of excessive or aberrant immune response to any type of stimulus

Question 10

Does an allergic reaction usually occur at first contact with an allergen?

Answer 10

No, the first contact is the sensitization stage. Reactions will occur in the subsequent contacts.

Question 11

What is type one hypersensitivity?

Answer 11

This is the most severe hypersensitivity and it involves an anaphylactic reaction

Question 12

T or F:

IgM and IgG antibodies cause type 1 hypersensitivity.

Answer 12

F, this is done by IgE

Question 13

What are clinical symptoms determined by?

Answer 13

• The amount of the allergen
• The amount of mediator released
• The sensitivity of the target organ
• The route of allergen entry

Question 14

Is type 1 hypersensitivity local or systemic?

Answer 14

Can be either

Question 15

What is another name for type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 15

Cytotoxic

Question 16

When does Type 2 hypersensitivity occurs

Answer 16

When the immune system mistakenly identifies a normal constituent of the body as foreign. This reaction may be a result of a cross-reacting antibody.

Question 17

Which antibodies are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 17

IgG and IgM

Question 18

What are a few examples of conditions that involve type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 18

• Myasthenia gravis, the body mistakenly generates antibodies against normal nerve-ending receptors.
• Goodpasture syndrome, it generates antibodies against lung and renal tissue, producing lung damage and renal failure.
• Incompatible blood transfusions

Question 19

What is another name for type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 19

Immune complex hypersensitivity

Question 20

What are the immune components involved in type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 20

Immune complexes that are formed when antigens bind to antibodies. In a normal immune response these are cleared by phagocytosis.

Question 21

If the immune complexes are not cleared and instead deposit in tissues or on the endothelium they cause damage by:

Answer 21

• The increased amount of circulating complexes
• The presence of vasoactive amines.
  Because of the above, there is an increase in vascular permeability and tissue injury.

Question 22

Where in the body is most likely to experience damage by type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 22

The joints and the kidneys

Question 23

What conditions are commonly associated with type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 23

• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Certain types of nephritis

Question 24

What is another name for type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 24

Delayed or cellular hypersensitivity

Question 25

When does type 4 hypersensitivity occur?

Answer 25

24-72 hours after contact with allergen

Question 26

What antibodies are involved in type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 26

None, this is caused by T-cells and macrophages instead.

Question 27

What is an example of type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 27

Contact dermatitis from grass.

Question 28

What tests are run to determine if a patient has a hypersensitivity?

Answer 28

• CBC with differential (eosinophil count)
• Total serum IgE levels
• Skin tests
• Provocative testing
• Radioallergosorbent test

Question 29

Describe atopic disorders

Answer 29

• Characterized by a hereditary predisposition

- Local reaction to IgE antibodies

Question 30

3 examples of atopic disorders:

Answer 30

• Allergic rhinitis
• Asthma
• Atopic dermatitis/eczema

Question 31

How do nonatopic disorders differ from atopic ones?

Answer 31

They lack the genetic component and organ specificity of the atopic disorders.

Question 32

What is anaphylaxis?

Answer 32

A clinical response to an immediate type I hypersensitivity, immunologic reaction between a specific antigen and an antibody.

Question 33

Why is epinephrine give to treat anaphylactic shock?

Answer 33

For its vasoconstrictive action.

Question 34

Why is diphenhydramine (Benadryl) administered for anaphylactic shock?

Answer 34

To reverse the effects of histamine, thereby reducing capillary permeability.

Question 35

Why might nebulized medications, such as albuterol (Proventil) be given to treat anaphylactic shock?

Answer 35

To reverse histamine-induced bronchospasm.