module 2 -organisation of cells Flashcards
investigate the structure and function of tissues, organs and systems and relate those functions to cell differentiation and specialisation
plant: meristematic tissue + location = specialisation through differentiation
animal: stem cell (bone marrow, brain) // multipotent + location = specialisation through differentiation
location > genes expressed > protein produced > structure and function
justify the hierarchical structural organisation of organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems and
organisms
atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
example
mitochondria
cardiac cells
cardiac tissue
heart
cardiovascular system
human
relationship between organelles and cell specialisation
RBC
biconcave + no nucleus –> more SA haemoglobin carries o2
egg
sperm
tracing the development and movement of the products of photosynthesis
- radioactive isotopes
c14 018
trace movement
labelled c14 - in co2 - detected in glucose
labelled o18 - in h2o - detected in oxygen released
higher levels of c14 in leaves –> more photo in leaves
iodide and startch test
glucose product of photosynthesis
autotroph structure + function
autotroph makes its own
amino acids
energy - glucose - sugar
lipids
systems - anchorage, absorption
root
support and anchorage
absorb inorganic nutrients - water and mineral ions
large SA more absorption
shoot - support, transports
transport and photosynthesis
xylem - inorganic
phloem - organic
external
gasses - air/stomata
water - mineral ions - soil/osmosis/root hair\
autotroph
vascular
- system xylem and phloem
nonvascular
- diffusion like mosses
investigate the gas exchange structures in animals and plants + compare
- microscopic structures: alveoli in mammals and leaf structure in plants
plants
stomata
the balance between gas exchange and water loss
night - stomata closed - water out of guard cell
day - stomata open - water into guard cell
alveoli
large SA
moist - dissolve gasses - less evaporation.
capillary - one cell thick - flattened epithelial cells - more efficient diffusion
good blood supply
fish
gills not lungs
water in one direction
both
moist
large SA
good o2 supply
thin capillaries
insects
no blood is required for the transport of gasses // spiracles instead
directly to and from source
– macroscopic structures: respiratory systems in a range of animals
compare nutrient and gas requirements autotrophs and heterotrophs
same
inorganic required
water
oxygen
different
heterotrophs - need to take in nutrients
autotrophs - make organic nutrients from the sun
mammalian digestive system
mechanical - physical - teeth + churning of stomach
chemical - digestive enzymes protease for protein lipase for lipids
changes in compotistion of transport medium as it moves around organism
organs
o2 decrease - cell rep
glucose decrease - cell rep - energy
co2 increase - cell rep
urea increase - protein build up
exceptions
lungs
o2 increase
co2 decres
kidney
urea decrease
intestine
glucose increase
vein artery capillary comparision
vein
tovards heart
low pressure blood
little estalctic tissue - no need to expand and contract
large lumen for easy for of blood
atery
away heart
high pressure blood
thick wall to withstand contractions
elastic layer + smooth muscle to contract and release to propel blood
capillary
one cell thick wall for easy diffusion
less distance
plant transport systems
cohesion tension theory
water diffuses from the stoma
evaporates from mesophyll cells
tension pulls the water column upwards from the xylem
hydrogen bonding causes strong attraction between negative water and positive hydrogen
as one water molecule is pulled up the rest follows
water moves into xylem via root hair via osmosis
source sink theory
high –> low pressure
glucose formed at source
actively pumped into phloem
high solute conc causes osmosis water comes into phloem (high pressure)
forcing the glucose down to a low pressure area
glucose actively pumped out
osmosis - water leaves phloem
