module 1 cell structure + function Flashcards
types of cells, components and subgroups and comparision
both
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
prokaryotic
- simpler
- asexual reproduction
- no membrane bound nucleus
- DNA –> bacterial chromosome + plasmids
others:
- cell wall
- pili
- flagella
- capsule
archaea - different environments
bacteria - unicellular + found in harsh environments
eukaryotic
- larger
- more complex
- sexual reproduction
- membrane bound nucleus
- DNA –> nucleus in chromosomes
multicellular
unicellular
technologies for cell structure
fluorescence microscopes
labelling with a fluorescent substance
electron microscopes
TEM SEM
transmission vs scanning
- electron beams and electromagnets
light microscopes
- light rays through thin specimen which are magnified through lenses
- living and non living
computer-enhanced technologies
layers used to create image
magnification –> how much an image increased in size
resolution –> how far two objects need to be to be seen as two separate objects
plant and animal cells components
both
cell membrane
protoplasm
cytoplasm
nucleus
ribosomes
mitochondria
ER
Golgi body
plant
cell wall
chloroplasts
Large permament vacuole
animal
lysosomes
centrioles
function relating to structure of cell organelles and components
functions:
nucleus –> stored information needed for all cellular activities
- nuclear membrane + pores = communication with cytoplasm
DNA stored in nucleus - hereditary information here + copied before mitosis (interphase)
nucleolus –> manufacture ribosomes
ER
- intracellular transport through pits
- folds increase surface area
- lipid made here –> membrane repair + creation
rough
- ribosomes on it
- protein folding
ribosomes
- protein synthesis
- amino acids - polypeptides - protein
- small size increases surface area
golgi body
- packaging and sorting
- label substances –> sort where they are moved to
- flat membrane increases surface area
lysosomes
- digestion
- digestive enzymes break down complex –> simple molecules
e.g. protein –> amino acids
- products > reused > create new molecules
- enzyme complex encapsulated in a phospholipid bilayer
mitochondria
- cellular respiration
- oxygen and sugars –> ATP
- double membrane
outer - transport
inner - increase SA for attachment of enzymes aiding in ATP synthesis
matrix - fluid - mitochondrial DNA and enzymes –> replication by itself
vacuoles
- cell sap
- single membrane
- stored and support
- filled with water > turgid > support
chloroplasts
- chrolophyll
- photosynthesis
- double membrane - substances can move between cytoplasm > chloroplast + increase SA increase sunlight
- stroma containing the chlorophyll + enzymes required for photosynthesis
plant cell wall
- cellulose in cell wall
- strength and support
- have a little flexibility to withstand pressure
- waxy coating for prevention of water loss
cell membrane in depth
fluid mosaic model
- selectively permeable
- conc difference inside vs outside of membrane + stays constant
- phospholipid bilayer
word
P - phosphate - head - polar
L - lipid - tail - non polar
alphabet
H - head
T - tail - head - hydrophilic - phosphate
- tail - hydrophobic - lipid
head outer
tail inner
lipid - increase flexibility animals: cholesterol plants: phytosterol
fluid - move - flexible
membrane proteins
scattered throughout + suspended
surface vs embedded proteins
integral or peripheral
on the top or throughout
channel protein - sodium potassium pump
carrier - glucose
receptor proteins - hormones
recognition proteins - protein + carbohydrate = recognise self vs non self cells
cell requirements and wastes
cell requirements
organic
carbon
stored energy
biomacromolecules
complex carbs
lipids
nucleic
proteins
plants - use photosynthesis + absorb nutrients from = make own organic nutrients
animals - ingest food
carbs CHO
monosaccharides - quick energy
polysaccharides - stored energy e.g. glycogen
lipids CHO
energy storage
cell membrane
hormones
proteins CHON
structure
transport
movement
enzymes
nucleic acid CHONP
DNA / RNA
- sugar, phosphate, base
DNA
- info for cell activities
RNA
- aids in protein synthesis
cell wastes
urea
uric acid
excess carbon dioxide
- diffusion
- osmosis - excess water
- vesicles - excrete wastes = exocytosis
- lysosomes - break down produces to be excreted
inorganic
no carbon chain
structural
examples
water - solvent in cell + transport medium
oxygen - cellular respiration
gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients - sugars, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids
exchange of materials across cell membrane dependent on and types of movement
nature of molecule
- size // larger more difficult to move than smaller ones o2 vs glucose
- electrical charge // charged particles need channel proteins to actively transport –> not soluble in lipids Na+ and K+
- lipid solubility // water soluble - difficult lipid soluble - easy urea vs minerals
surface area to volume ratio
concentration gradient
- stepper conc gradient –> faster diffusion
+ more heat higher rate of diffusion
down conc grad:
diffusion
small and uncharge molecules
facilitated diffusion
large + charged molecules
carrier proteins + channel proteins
against
active transport
sodium-potassium pump
requires protein + ATP
osmosis in plant and animal cells
high solvent –> low solvent
semi permeable membrane
isotonic - same
hypotonic - less solute in external // water into the cell
hypertonic - more solute in external // water out of cell
animal
hypotonic
water into cell
lysis
hypertonic
water out of cell
shrivel
plant
hypotonic
water into cell
tugid
hypertonic
water out of cell
plasmolysis
role of active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis
active transport
against conc grad - need ATP
sodium-potassium pump regulates cell firing action potentials
endocytosis
phago - eat - cytosis
pino - drink - cytosis
engulf large particles into cell
phagocytosis
macrophages immune system - debris
pinocytosis
fat droplets moving into the small intestine
exocytosis
mammary gland - milk - exocytosis
biochemical processes energy photosyn and resp
energy
ATP from glucose breakdown
need energy:
ATP –> ADP
free phosphate releases energy
store energy
ADP –> ATP
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water –> (light and chlorophyll ) glucose and oxygen
6co2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 and ATP
- light-dependent
- in grana of chloroplasts
- absorb energy through thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- split H20 –> H+ and O2
- oxygen released into the atmosphere
- ATP formed
- H+ needed for light-dependent phase - light independent
- stroma
- Co2 + H+ –> C6H12O6
- ATP is used
- store energy + convert into complex carbs, lipids, proteins
cellular resp
glucose broken down
1. with abundance of o2 - aerobic resp
2. less o2 - anaerobic resp
uses -
o2 for cellular resp + released to environment
glucose - aerobic resp + stored as starch
cellular resp
glucose + oxygen –> co2 + h20 and ATP
anaerobic cellular resp:
e.g. lactic acid fermentation
1 molecule of glucose broken down w/o o2 –> 2 lactic acid molecules + 2 ATP
more o2 available –> lactic acid –> pyruvate
aerobic
C6H12O6 + O2 + ADP + P –> 6Co2 + 6H20 + 36ATP
cytosol
glucose –> 2pyruvate + 2ATP
mitochondria
pyruvate –> co2 + water + 34 ATP
enzymes - model + factors impacting enzyme activity
model
lock and key
- substrate specific
induced fit
pH
Temp
concentration of substrate
lipase - lipids
carbohydrase - carbs
protease - protein
