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Year 11 Biology > Module 2: Organisation of Cells > Flashcards

Module 2: Organisation of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are unicellular organisms?

A

Single celled organisms either eukaryotic or prokaryotic which are responsible for all its own processes

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2
Q

What are colonial organisms?

A

Identical cells working together which may contain cells with specific rolls

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3
Q

What are multicellular organisms?

A

Organisms made up of many different cells and have specialised cells which can not live independently

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4
Q

What are tissues?

A

Cells in multicellular organisms that have been organised into groups

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5
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells which differentiate from stem cells to perform a certain roll. Once stem cells have been specialised they can no longer differentiate

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6
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells from bone marrow

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7
Q

How does structure impact the roll of specialised cells?

A

Cells may be flattened, elongated or exposed edges may be extended into folds to create a higher SA:V

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8
Q

What is a transport system?

A

A system of vessels in which substances are transported

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9
Q

What are the vascular tissues in plants?

A

Roots, stem, leaves and stalks

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10
Q

What is xylem?

A

One of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants

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11
Q

What is xylems basic function?

A

To transport water and nutrients from roots to stems and leaves

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12
Q

What are the two main types of elements in xylem?

A

Xylem tracheids
Xylem vessels

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13
Q

What are the walls of xylems reinforced with and why is it important?

A

They are reinforced with lignin thickenings laid down in rings which prevents the vessels from collapsing

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14
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The way water moves against gravity in the xylem

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15
Q

How does the transpiration stream work?

A

As water evaporates through the stomata it creates a concentration gradient, creating a suction pull on the water

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16
Q

What is the main function of roots?

A

To anchor the plant and absorb water and inorganic nutrients from the soil

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17
Q

What is the epidermis of the root?

A

It is the outermost layer of the root

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18
Q

What are the four main types of tissue in animals?

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissue

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19
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

A covering that lines body surfaces and cavities and protects organs

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20
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue which provides support and holds various parts of the body together

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21
Q

What is collagen?

A

The main structural protein in connective tissue

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22
Q

What is elastin?

A

Protein which contributes to the elasticity of the skin

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23
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Fibrous, loose and adipose tissue

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24
Q

What is the nervous tissue comprised of?

A

The brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

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25
Q

What are neurons made of?

A

Dendrites and an axon

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26
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Tissue composed of muscle cell called muscle fibre

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27
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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28
Q

What are skeletal cells?

A

Long fibres with striations that are attached to bones and cause voluntary contractions

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29
Q

What are cardiac cells?

A

Cells in the heart that have striations and cause involuntary movement

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30
Q

What are smooth cells?

A

Cells in organs that use contractions to push substances and do not have striations

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31
Q

What are the four main types of tissue found in plants?

A

Meristematic, dermal, vascular and ground tissue

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32
Q

What is meristematic tissue?

A

Tissue made from undifferentiated cells found in the tips of roots

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33
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

Tissue which secrets a cuticle which reduces water loss

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34
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

All the internal cells of plants other than vascular tissue

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35
Q

How does water move into roots?

A

By the process of osmosis

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36
Q

How do minerals move into roots?

A

Through diffusion

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37
Q

What is transpriation?

A

Evaporation of water from leaves

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38
Q

What are mesophyll?

A

Cells responsible for photosynthesis in the middle layer

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39
Q

What are palisade cells?

A

Types of mesophyll, located below the upper epidermal

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40
Q

What are spongy cells?

A

Cells which are loosely packed for gases to move

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41
Q

What controls the exchange of gases and water in plants?

A

Guard cells

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42
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Bean shaped cells that open and close a stoma

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43
Q

How can MRI be used to understand plants better?

A

To create 3D images which can be studied more closely

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44
Q

How can the movement of products in plants be traced?

A

Using radioactive tracer carbon 14

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45
Q

How do stoma open?

A

Guard cells undergo photosynthesise which increases the concentration of glucose. Water enters the guard cell through osmosis causing it to become taught therefore opening the stoma

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46
Q

How do stoma close?

A

At night less glucose is produced in the guard cell and water leaves them closing the stoma

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47
Q

What are lenticels?

A

Pores on woody parts of plants where gas exchange can occur

48
Q

What happens if there is too much carbon dioxide in organisms?

A

It becomes too acidic interfering with enzymes

49
Q

What are the four characteristics of gaseous exchange sites?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Moist thin surface for gas to diffuse through
  • Close proximity to an efficient transport system
  • Have greater concentration on one side of the membrane than the other
50
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air sacs in lungs which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air

51
Q

How does respiration occur in fish?

A

Water enters through the mouth and passes through the gills which have gill filaments to increase the surface area

52
Q

What is the countercurrent exchange?

A

It is the way fish absorb oxygen more efficiently. Oxygen rich blood is exposed to water with high levels of oxygen and oxygen poor blood is exposed to water with lower levels of oxygen.

53
Q

How does gas exchange occur in insects?

A

They take in and expel air through structures called spiracles and they do not have lungs

54
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that need to take in all their nutrients

55
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Self feeding organisms, producing its own nutrition

56
Q

What is the enzyme released in the mouth and what does it help breakdown?

A

Amylase is released and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates

57
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A small ball of food which can be swallowed

58
Q

How does food move from the mouth to the stomach?

A

It moves down the oesophagus by the muscle contractions called peristalsis

59
Q

What is broken down in the stomach?

A

Proteins

60
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first half of the small intestine where proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are broken down

61
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

The second half of the small intestine where absorption occurs

62
Q

What are absorbed into the body via the villi?

A

Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol

63
Q

What are villi?

A

Small projection in the small intestine which increases the surface area for absorption

64
Q

What is the lacteal?

A

It is in the centre of the villi which connects to the lymph system

65
Q

What is absorbed into the blood system?

A

Glucose and amino acids

66
Q

What is absorbed into the lymph system?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

67
Q

What are the two main purposes of the liver?

A

Keeps sugars, glycogen and protein levels balanced and detoxifies the blood

68
Q

What are the two main parts of the large intestine?

A

Colon and rectum

69
Q

What happens in the colon?

A

Water and salts are absorbed

70
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

Faeces are stored

71
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Water molecules sticking together creating a continuous stream

72
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Adhesive forces between water molecules which force water to rise up in tubes

73
Q

What are the types of phloem cells?

A

Sieve tube cells and companion cells

74
Q

What do sieve tubes cells do?

A

They form channels allowing sugars to flow through

75
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of sugar in plants

76
Q

What is the source (source sink theory)?

A

The high pressure area where sucrose is produced

77
Q

What is the sink (source sink theory)?

A

The low pressure area where sucrose is needed

78
Q

What is the lacteal?

A

It is in the centre of the villi which connects to the lymph system

79
Q

What is absorbed into the blood system in the small intestine?

A

Glucose and amino acids

80
Q

What is absorbed into the lymph system?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

81
Q

What are the two main purposes of the liver?

A

Keeps sugars, glycogen and protein levels balanced and detoxifies the blood

82
Q

What are the two main parts of the large intestine?

A

Colon and rectum

83
Q

What happens in the colon?

A

Water and salts are absorbed

84
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

Faeces are stored

85
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Water molecules sticking together creating a continuous stream

86
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Adhesive forces between water molecules which force water to rise up in tubes

87
Q

What are the types of phloem cells?

A

Sieve tube cells and companion cells

88
Q

What do sieve tubes cells do?

A

They form channels allowing sugars to flow through

89
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of sugar in plants

90
Q

What percentage of blood is made from red blood cells?

A

41%

91
Q

What is the sink (source sink theory)?

A

The low pressure area where sucrose is needed

92
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A
  • Open ended blood vessels
  • Blood is pumped into cavities around organs
  • Exchanges only nutrients and wastes
93
Q

What are open circulatory systems most commonly found in?

A

Invertebrates

94
Q

What is the transport fluid usually called in open circulatory systems?

A

Haemolymph

95
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A
  • Made up from blood vessels and a heart
  • Sealed system
    Transports nutrients, oxygen and carries wastes away from cells
96
Q

What are closed circulatory systems most commonly found in?

A

Vertebrates

97
Q

What are closed circulatory systems known as?

A

Cardiovascular system

98
Q

What are veins?

A

Vessels with thin walls which carry deoxygenated blood from organs to the heart

99
Q

What are arteries?

A

Vessels with thick elastic walls which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to organs

100
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny blood vessels that have a wall only one cell tick

101
Q

What is the function of the lymph system?

A

To absorb interstitial fluid in tissues and plays an important role in the immune system of the body

102
Q

What does blood carry?

A

Heat, nutrients, gases and excreted wastes

103
Q

What percentage of blood is made from plasma?

A

55%

104
Q

What percentage of blood is made from white blood cells and platelets?

A

4%

105
Q

What is a red blood cell?

A

Is a cell which is produced in bone marrow and does not have a nucleus and contains haemoglobin which is an oxygen carrying protein

106
Q

What is a white blood cell?

A

Is a cell larger than RBC that is produced in bone marrow and functions as a part of the immune system

107
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are fragments of specialised cells produced in the bone marrow which clot blood when it is exposed to air

108
Q

What is plasma?

A

It carries RBC, WBC, plasma proteins, nutrients, gases, wastes, ion, hormones and vitamins and consist of about 90% water and 10% protein

109
Q

What are the top chambers in the heart?

A

Left and right atria

110
Q

What are the bottom chambers in the heart?

A

Left and right ventricle

111
Q

What vessel does deoxygenated blood enter and which atrium?

A

It enters into the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava

112
Q

What vessel transports blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery

113
Q

What vessel does oxygenated blood enter and which atrium?

A

It enters into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

114
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Is the movement of blood from the heart to lungs

115
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Is the movement of blood from the heart to the body

Year 11 Biology (4 decks)

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