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Year 11 Biology > Module 1: Cells as the Basis of Life > Flashcards

Module 1: Cells as the Basis of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Primitive, simple cells that do not have a nucleus

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2
Q

What are the four main structures in prokaryotic cells?

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Genetic material

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A structure that surrounds and encloses a cell

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The fluid part of the cells, outside of the nucleus that contains chemical substances

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5
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Very small structures found in cytoplasm which manufacture proteins

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6
Q

What is genetic material?

A

DNA which contains all information of the cell.

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7
Q

What is the plasmid?

A

It is the circular ring of genetic material in prokaryotic cells

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8
Q

Which came first prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic

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9
Q

What are the two main groups of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Much more complex cells characterised by a membrane bound nucleus

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11
Q

What are ogranalls?

A

An internal structure of a cell enclosed by a membrane and has a function

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12
Q

What are organisms that contain eukaryotic cells known as?

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

What is the magnification of a light microscope?

A

x1500

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14
Q

What type of specimens can be viewed by light microscopes?

A

Living and non-living

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15
Q

What are two advantages of light microscopes?

A

Inexpensive and live specimens can be viewed

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16
Q

What is a disadvantage of light microscopes?

A

Can’t magnify more than 2000

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17
Q

What is a TEM?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

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18
Q

How does a TEM work?

A

Electrons pass through the specimen

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19
Q

What type of image does a TEM produce?

A

2D

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20
Q

What is the most common type of electron microscope?

A

TEM

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21
Q

What are two advantages of TEM?

A

Offers the most powerful magnification and high quality images

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22
Q

What are two disadvantages of TEM?

A

Sensitive to vibration and electromagnetic fields and are hard to maintain

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23
Q

What is a SEM?

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

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24
Q

How does SEM work?

A

Bombards solid specimens with a beam of electrons which do not pass through but instead are scattered

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25
Q

What type of image does a SEM produce?

A

3D

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26
Q

What is an advantage of SEM?

A

Has the highest resolution and produces really good quality images

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27
Q

What are two disadvantages of SEM?

A

Very expensive and hard to maintain

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28
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A selectively permeable membrane around cells which controls intake of water and other chemicals

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29
Q

What is protoplasm?

A

It is the living content of a cell

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30
Q

What are the three things plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Large, permanent vacuole

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31
Q

What are the two things animal cells have that plant cells do not?

A

Centrioles
Lysosomes

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32
Q

What are the 8 things both animal and plant cells have?

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi body
Ribosomes

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33
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The network of flattened, interconnected membranes that provide transport

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34
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough have ribosomes attached whilst smooth do not

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35
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

Process protein made by the cell and synthesises lipids

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36
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

It is the main site of lipid production

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37
Q

What are ribosomes and what do they do?

A

Small organelles made from RNA and protein which produce proteins

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38
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

Free in the cytoplasm or on the surface of ER

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39
Q

What do golgi bodies do?

A

They process, package and sort cells

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40
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Organelles which contain digestive enzymes which split complex chemical compound into simple ones

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41
Q

Where are lysosomes produced?

A

In the golgi body

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42
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The power house of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP through the process of respiration

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43
Q

What type of membrane do mitochondria have?

A

Double membranes

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44
Q

What are cristae?

A

Fine folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria

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45
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Fluid in the central space of mitochondria

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46
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

A large fluid filled storage sac in the cytoplasm of a cell

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47
Q

What is the roll of the vacuole?

A

It provides support to plant cells

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48
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles which are responsible for photosynthesis containing chlorophyll

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49
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Is the green pigment which traps sunlight that can then be used for photosynthesis

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50
Q

What type of membrane do chloroplasts have?

A

Double membrane

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51
Q

What is the stroma?

A

It is the liquid part of chloroplasts

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52
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Stacks of membranes with chlorophyll on it

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53
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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54
Q

What are cell walls?

A

Permeable structure which provides strength and support to plant cells

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55
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Form the spindles which hold chromosomes in a dividing cell

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56
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Framework which give cells shape and coherence

57
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Model of the structure of the cell membrane

58
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model show?

A

Shows that the membrane is flexible and has a phospholipid bilayer

59
Q

What forms the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Two layers of phospholipids

60
Q

What is the structure of a phospholypid?

A

A head with two fatty acid chains

61
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

The head

62
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Able to absorb water or dissolve in it

63
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

Fatty acid tails

64
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Water avoiding or won’t dissolve in it

65
Q

Which way are phospholipids positioned in the cell membrane?

A

Heads are positioned towards the outside and fatty tails face inwards

66
Q

What are adhesion proteins?

A

Is a protein that links cells together

67
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

Proteins which allow specific substances to move across the membrane

68
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

Proteins which bind hormones and other substances

69
Q

What are recognition proteins?

A

Proteins which allow the body to recognise it as ‘self’

70
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Marker proteins

71
Q

What does permeability depend on?

A

Molecule size, electrical charge or lipid solubility

72
Q

What molecules find it difficult to penetrate a membrane?

A

Water soluble molecules

73
Q

What molecules can easily penetrate a membrane?

A

Lipid soluble molecules

74
Q

What types of molecules are soluble in lipids?

A

Neutral molecules

75
Q

What types of molecules are not soluble in lipids?

A

Charged molecules

76
Q

How does water move through the membrane?

A

By a process called osmosis

77
Q

What is diffusion?

A

It is the net movement of any molecule from high concentration to low until equilibrium is met

78
Q

What is the only thing that can speed up diffusion?

A

Temperature

79
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The process when channel proteins assist larger molecules in diffusing into cells

80
Q

How do carrier proteins help with diffusion?

A

They bind to molecules, change shape and release the substance

81
Q

How do channel protein help with diffusion?

A

Small ions can diffuse rapidly through them

82
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water along the concentration gradient

83
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

When the solution around the cells have lower concentrations

84
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

When the solution around the cells have higher concentrations

85
Q

What does turgid mean?

A

When a plant cell is full of water and no more can enter

86
Q

What is the capsule?

A

Only found in bacteria and is a layer around it.

87
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules requiring the input of energy

88
Q

Which way do molecules move during active transport?

A

Low concentration to high concentration

89
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

Movement from high concentration to low

90
Q

What is required for active transport?

A

Carrier proteins that spans the membranes

91
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Changing the shape of the cell membrane to surround a particle and engulf it

92
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A type of endocytosis when a solid particle is engulfed

93
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A type of endocytosis when fluid is engulfed

94
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Process by which substances are transported from inside a cell out

95
Q

How does exocytosis happen?

A

A membrane bound vesicle moves to the cell membrane, fuses with it and then releases its content

96
Q

How does SA:V affect cells?

A

It affects the movement of substances

97
Q

What type of cells have high SA:V?

A

Smaller cells

98
Q

What type of cells have lower SA:V?

A

Larger cells

99
Q

What are inorganic nutrients?

A

Nutrients that do not contain carbon

100
Q

What inorganic nutrients are required by cells?

A

Water, minerals, carbon dioxide (for photosynthesis) and oxygen

101
Q

What are the four main organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids

102
Q

What is the purpose carbohydrates?

A

It is a quick source of energy

103
Q

What is the purpose of lipids?

A

Energy storage and form the structural component of membranes and hormones

104
Q

What is the purpose of protein?

A

They form structural components in cells and tissues

105
Q

What is the purpose of nucleic acids?

A

They are storage and expression of genomic information

106
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

CHO
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

107
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

CHO
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

108
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

CHON
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

109
Q

What is nucleic acid made up of?

A

CHONP
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

110
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars made up of from one sugar compound such as glucose

111
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Complex sugars made from 2 sugar compounds

112
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Complex polymer sugars made from many sugars

113
Q

What form are lipids most commonly found in?

A

Triglyceride

114
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

115
Q

What do amino acids form?

A

Peptides and polypeptides

116
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNA

117
Q

What are enzymes?

A

They are biological catalysts which control all metabolic reactions in living cells

118
Q

What are enzymes made from?

A

Protein molecules

119
Q

What is the active site in an enzyme?

A

The surface of the enzyme with a specific shape

120
Q

What are substrates?

A

The molecules which undergo chemical reaction on the active site of an enzyme

121
Q

What is the Lock and Key Model?

A

Model of the enzyme where the active sight is rigid

122
Q

What is the induced Fit Model?

A

It is the currently accepted version and is that the active sight is not rigid

123
Q

How does temperature impact enzyme activity?

A

As temperature increases the rate of reaction also increases until optimal temperature

124
Q

What happens if enzymes are exposed to very high temperatures?

A

They become denatured and can no longer be used

125
Q

How does PH impact enzyme activity?

A

Each enzyme has its own narrow range of PH it can function in

126
Q

What happens if enzymes are exposed to extreme PH levels?

A

They become denatured and can no longer be used

127
Q

How does substrate concentration impact enzyme reactions?

A

Higher concentrations increases enzyme reactions until all enzymes are used / reaching saturation point

128
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

129
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent stage (photolysis) and light independent (carbon fixation)

130
Q

Where does the photolysis stage occur?

A

In the grana

131
Q

What occurs during the photolysis stage?

A

Light energy is absorbed in the thylakoid membranes and water is split into H+ and 02 and ATP is formed

132
Q

Where does the carbon fixation stage occur?

A

In the stroma

133
Q

What happens in the carbon fixation stage?

A

CO2 and H+ combine to form glucose

134
Q

When does anaerobic cellular respiration occur?

A

When there is a lacking amount of oxygen

135
Q

What are the two common biochemical pathways in anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

136
Q

What happens in alcohol fermentation?

A

Breakdown of glucose to form ethanol + CO2 + ATP

137
Q

What happens in lactic acid fermentation?

A

Breakdown of glucose to form lactic acid + ATP

138
Q

When does aerobic cellular respiration occur?

A

When there is a lot of oxygen available

139
Q

What is the formula for aerobic cellular respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + ATP

Year 11 Biology (4 decks)

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