Module 2: Nursing Philosophies Flashcards
The broad conceptual boundaries of the discipline of nursing: Human beings, environment and nursing
Metaparadigm
sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical presentation of concepts and ideas
Philosophy
are sets of concepts that are address phenomena central to nursing in proposition that explain the relationship among them
Conceptual Models
concepts that derive from a conceptual model and propose a testable proposition that tests the major premise of the model
Grand Theory
testable propositions from philosophies conceptual models, grand theories, abstract nursing theories, or theories from other disciplines. Theories are less abstract than grand theory and less specific than middle-range theory
Nursing Theory
concepts most specific to practice that propose precise testable nursing practice questions and include details such as patient age, group, family situation, health condition, location of the patient and action of the nurse
Middle-Range Theory
nursing theoretical systems give direction and create understanding in practice research, administration and education
The future of Nursing Theory
Sets forth the meaning of nursing
phenomena
Nursing Philosophies
Contribute to nursing knowledge with
direction for the discipline, forming a
basis for professional scholarship
Nursing Philosophies
Works that provide broad understanding that advance the discipline of nursing and its professional applications
Nursing Philosophies
Founder of modern nursing
Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale was born on _____________ in ____________
May 12 , 1820 ; Florence Italy
Nightingale completed her nursing training at year ____ at age ___ at ________
1851 ; 31 ; Kaiserwerth Germany
She addressed the environmental
problems that existed (lack of
sanitation and presence of filth)
Florence Nightingale
Called the Lady of the Lamp from
the poem “___________________”
Santa Filomena
Modern Nursing is a Theory focuses on the environment and described the concepts of ______ ,________ , ________ , and ________.
warmth , light, diet, cleanliness, noise
It was written not as a manual to teach nurses to nurse but to assist millions of women who had charge of their families to think how to nurse
Notes of Nursing
Major Assumption in (Florence Nightingale - Modern Nursing Theory)
Health
Nursing
Person
Environment
Nightingale, Defined ____ as well and using every power to the fullest extent in living life
Health
______ as a reparative process and of the sufferings of disease, disease is not always the cause
Disease
Nightingale, It has been limited to signify little more than the administration of medicines and application of poultices
Nursing
Nightingale, ____ ought to assist the reparative process
Nursing
Nightingale refered to the ______ as a patient
Person
A passive patient in the nurse-patient relationship
Person
Nurses was in control of and responsible for the patient’s ______________.
environmental surroundings
Nightingale struggled to improved war-torn environemtn and workhouses
Environmental Theory
Environment Theory includes the five essential components of the environment health:
Pure Air
Light
Cleanliness
Efficient Drainage
Pure Water
Focuses ventilation and warmth
Pure air
Keep the air he breathes as pure are the external air, without chilling him
Pure air
“Without cleanliness, within and without your house, ventilation is comparatively useless”
Cleanliness
“People are so unaccustomed from education and habits to consider how to make a home healthy, that they either never think of it at all, and take every disease as a matter of course, to be “resigned to “ when it comes” as from the hand of Providence ;”
Cleanliness
“No house with any unstrapped drain pipe communicating immediately with a sewer, whether it be from water closet, sink, or gully-grate, can ever be healthy. An untrapped sink may at any time spread fever or pyæmia among the inmates of a palace”
Efficient Drainage
“No one would undervalue vaccination; but it becomes of doubtful benefit to society when it leads people to look abroad for the source o evils which exist at home.”
Efficient Drainage
Nightingale advocated bathing patients on a frequent, even daily, basis at a time when this practice was not the norm. She required that nurses also bathe daily, that their clothing be clean, and that they wash their hands frequently
Pure Water
“Unnecessary noise, or noise that creates an expectation in the mind, is that which hurts a patient. It is rarely the loudness of the noise, the effect upon the organ of the ear itself, which appears to affect the sick.”
Noise
“Always sit within the patient’s view, so that when you speak to him he has not painfully to turn his head round in order to look at you. Everybody involuntarily looks at the person speaking. If you make this act a wearisome one on the part of the patient you are doing him harm.”
Noise
Nurse must have some rule of thought about her patient’s diet.
Diet
Nurse must have some rule of time about the patient’s diet.
Diet
She generated throughout her lifetime on the varied subjects of health care, nursing, and social reform.
Use of Empirical Evidence
A commission had been organized in response to Nightingale’s charges of poor sanitary conditions. Nightingale emphasized the concurrent use of observation and performance of tasks in the education of nurses
Use of Empirical Evidence
She often capitalized the word Nature in her writings, thereby suggesting that it was synonymous with God. Her Unitarian religious beliefs would support this view of God as nature.
Theoretical Assertions
She wrote Notes on Nursing (1969) for women caregivers, making a distinction between the role of house- hold servants and those trained specifically as nurses to provide care for the sick person
Theoretical Assertions
Critique (Florence Nightingale - Modern Nursing Theory)
- Clarity-clear and easily understood
Explains major relationships:
1) Environment to patient
2) Nurse to environment
3) Nurse to patient - Simplicity provides a descriptive, explanatory theory
- Generality - although some activities may no longer be relevant, the universality and timelessness of her concepts remain pertinent
- Empirical Precision - concepts and relationships are stated implicitly and presented as truths Derivable Consequences
Founder of Theory of Transpersonal Caring
Margaret Jean Harman Watson
Jean Watson Attended ______________ of Nursing and __________________
Lewis Gale School ; University of Colorado
Jean Watson Established the _______________________
Center for Human Caring
the nation’s first interdisciplinary center using human caring knowledge
Center for Human Caring
Watson Authored _____ books on Nursing
11
The caring moment can be an existential turning point for the nurse, in that it involves pausing, choosing to “see”;
Transpersonal Caring
it is informed action guided by an intentionality and consciousness of how to be in the moment-fully present, open to the other person, open to compassion and connection, beyond the ego- control focus that is so common.
Transpersonal Caring
In a caring moment, the nurse grasps the gestalt of the presenting moment and is able to “read” the field, beyond the outer appearance of the patient and the patient’s behavior.
Transpersonal Caring
The moment is “_______________” when the nurse is able to see and connect with the spirit of others, open to expanding possibilities of what can occur.
transpersonal
Watson defines ______ as “an imaginative grouping of knowledge, ideas, and experience that are represented symbolically and seek to illuminate a given phenomenon”
theory
Watson acknowledges a _________________________________________.
phenomenological, existential, and spiritual orientation from the sciences and humanities
Watson attributes her emphasis on the ___________ and _____________ qualities to Carl Rogers and more recent writers of transpersonal psychology
interpersonal ; transpersonal
Watson defined health as ________________________________”; associated with the “degree of congruence between the self as perceived and the self as experienced
unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul
She defined _______ as not necessarily disease; subjective turmoil or disharmony within a person’s inner self or soul at some level of disharmony within the spheres of the person, for example, in the mind, body, and soul, either consciously or unconsciously
Jean Watson ; Illness
According to Watson, while illness can lead to disease, illness and health are phenomenon that is not necessarily viewed on a __________.
continuum
According to her , disease processes can also result from _____ , __________________ and manifest themselves when ___________ is present.
genetic ; constitutional vulnerabilities ; disharmony
According to her, disease in turn creates more disharmony
Watson
As per to her, nursing consists of _______________________________.
Watsons ; knowledge, thought,
values, philosophy, commitment, and action, with some degree of passion
Watson calls for nurses to go beyond procedures, tasks and techniques
Trim
Watsons aspects of nurse-patient relationship resulting in a therapeutic outcome
Core
Watsons meant; elimination of disease
Curing
According to her, the person is a unity of _____________________
Watsons ; mind, body, spirit and nature
For Watson, ________ is tied to notions that one’s soul possesses a body that is not confined by objective time and space
Personhood
Watson speaks to the role of nurses in the ___________ as attending to supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environments
environment
She says that “healing spaces can be used to help others transcend illness, pain, and suffering,” emphasizing the environment and person connection: “when the nurse enters the patient’s room, a magnetic field of expectation is created
Jean Watson
Watson calls for joining of ______ with ______ so that nurses have a strong liberal arts background and under- stand other cultures as a requisite for using caring science and a mind- body-spiritual framework.
science ; humanities
She proposed that the study of sciences and humanities was required to seal similar cracks in the scientific basis of nursing knowledge
Jean Watson
_________ is the essence of nursing and the foundational disciplinary core of the profession.
Caring Science
______ can be most effectively demonstrated and practiced interpersonally
Caring
Caring consists of _________________ that facilitate healing, honor wholeness, and contribute to the evolution of humanity.
Carative Factors/Caritas Processes
_____________ promotes healing, health, individual/family growth and a sense of wholeness, forgiveness, evolved consciousness, and inner peace that transcends the crisis and fear of disease, diagnosis, illness, traumas, life changes, and so on.
Effective Caring
Caring responses ____________ not only as he or she is now but as what he or she may become/is Becoming.
accept a person
A Caring relationship is one that invites emergence of ____________, opening to authentic potential, being authentically present, allowing the person to explore options
human spirit
Caring is more “_______________” than curing.
healthogenic
Caring Science is _____________ to Curing Science.
complementary
The practice of Caring is central to _______. Its social, moral, and
scientific contributions lie in its _________________ to the values, ethics, and ideals of Caring Science in theory, practice, and research.
nursing ; professional commitment
10 Carative Factors
“The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values”
“The instillation of faith-hope”
“The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others”
“Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relation”
The promotion and acceptance of the
expression of positive and negative feelings”
Systematic use of a creative problem
solving caring process
“The provision of supportive, protective, and corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment”
“The assistance with gratification of human needs”
“Allowance for existential- phenomenological-spiritual forces”
10 Caritas Processes
- Cultivating the Practice of Loving-Kindness and Equanimity Toward Self and Other as Foundational to Caritas Consciousness.
- Being Authentically Present: Enabling, Sustaining, and Honor the Faith, Hope, and Deep Belief System and the Inner-Subjective World of Self/Other.
- Cultivation of One’s Own
Spiritual Practices and Transpersonal Self, Going Beyond Ego-Self. - Development and Sustaining a Helping-
Trust Caring Relationship. - Being Present to, and Supportive of, the
Expression of Positive and Negative Feelings. - Creative Use of Self and All Ways of knowing as Part of the Caring Process; Engage in the Artistry of Caritas Nursing.
- Engage in Genuine Teaching-Learning Experience that Attends to Unity of Being and Subjective Meaning- Attempting to Stay Within the Other’s Frame of Reference.
- Creating a Healing Environment at All
Levels. - Administering Sacred Nursing Acts of Caring- Healing by Tending to Basic Human Needs.
- Opening and Attending to Spiritual/Mysterious and Existential Unknowns of Life- Death.
Founder of Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
Marilyn Anne (Dee) Ray
Marilyn Anne Ray is a Professor Emerita at ____________________
Florida Atlantic University (FAU)
Ray noted how important ________ were in the development of people’s views about nursing and the world.
cultures
She retired as a ______ in 1999 after 30 years of service with the U.S. Air Force Reserve Nurse Corps
colonel
Her research interests continue to focus on nurses, nurse administrators, and patients in critical care and inter- mediate care, and in nursing administration
Marilyn Anne Ray
stimulated by her work with Leininger in 1968
Marilyn Anne Ray
