Module 1: Philosophy, Science and Nursing Flashcards
She began to assume the great significance
of providing a clean and healthy environment to achieve recovery of patients and continues up
to present.
Florence Nightingale
She envisioned nurses as a body of educated women who organized service and caring for wounded in wartime (________) and establishment of Nursing school in __________________ pioneering activities in nursing practice and education.
Crimean War ; London (St. Thomas Hospital)
Nursing started as a ___________ offering only skills during their time
vocational course
Apprenticeship model
Nursing practice was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through practice seen by Florence during her time
Historical Eras of Nursing’s Search for Specialized Knowledge
Curriculum Era (1900 - 1940)
Research Era (1950 - 1970)
Graduate Education Era (1950 - 1970)
Theory Era (1980 - 1990)
Theory Utilization Era (21st Century)
Major Question - Curriculum Era
What curriculum content should nurses
study to be nurses
Major Question - Research Era
What is the focus for nursing research?
Major Question - Graduate Education Era
What knowledge is needed for the
practice of nursing?
Major Question - Theory Era
How do these frameworks guide
research and practice?
Major Question - Theory Utilization Era
What new theories are needed to produce evidence of quality care?
Emphasis - Curriculum Era
Courses included in nursing programs
Emphasis - Research Era
Role of nurses and what to research
Emphasis - Graduate Education Era
Carving out an advanced role and basis for nursing practice
Emphasis - Theory Era
There are many ways to think about nursing
Emphasis - Theory Utilization Era
Nursing theory guides research, practice, education, and administration
Outcomes - Curriculum Era
Standardized curricula for diploma programs
Outcomes - Research Era
Problem studies and studies of nurses
Outcomes - Graduate Education Era
Nurses have an important role in health care
Outcomes - Theory Era
Nursing theoretical works shift the focus to the patient
Outcomes - Theory Utilization Era
Middle-range theory may be from quantitative or qualitative approaches
Emerging Goal - Curriculum Era
Develop specialized knowledge and higher education
Emerging Goal - Research Era
Isolated studies do not yield unified knowledge
Emerging goal - Graduate Education Era
Focus graduate education on knowledge development
Emerging Goal - Theory Era
Theories guide nursing research and practice
Emerging Goal - Theory Utilization Era
Nursing frameworks produce knowledge (evidence) for quality care
Fawcett classified nursing models as paradigms with in a more organized / specialized metaparadigm of:
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing Concepts
At the beginning of the 20th century, nursing was not recognized as an _____________ or a __________. The accomplishments of the past century led to the recognition of nursing in both areas.
academic discipline ; profession
Specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or a domain of knowledge.
Discipline
Branch of education; theoretical works leading to higher level of education and practice.
Discipline
Functional Focus (what nurses do) – knowledge focus or what nurses know and how they use them for thinking and decision making while taking care of a patient.
Discipline
Knowledge of persons, health and environment forms the basis for nursing as a discipline
Discipline
Refers to a specialized field of practice founded on the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities.
Profession
Knowledge of that discipline and accompanying practice abilities
Profession
Recognition and respect for their scholarly disciplined contribution to the health of society.
Profession
Criteria for the Development of the Professional status of Nursing:
- Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge.
- Constantly enlarges the knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service thru scientific method.
- Entrusts the education of its practitioners to universities/ colleges.
- Applies knowledge in practical services important to community welfare.
- Functions autonomously in developing professional policy.
- Attracts individuals with intellectual and personal qualities of intensifying service.
- Strives to compensate nurses by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security.
study of knowledge
Epistemology
meaning knowledge, understanding
Epistemology
concerned with the theory of knowledge in philosophical inquiry or how knowledge came to be.
Epistemology
What is real is also considered knowledge.
Epistemology
Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature & scope of knowledge.
Epistemology
It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs
Epistemology
It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs
Epistemology
It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs
Epistemology
Philosophical Foundations of Science
Rationalism
Empiricism
Priori reasoning -utilizes deductive; cause to effect or general to particular
Rationalism
Use use of the rational senses in ensuring the truthfulness of a phenomenon
Rationalism
Understand the whole first before you can appreciate the lesser parts
Rationalism
Regards reason as the chief source & test of knowledge
Rationalism
Any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification (theory-the-research approach)
Rationalism
Criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual & deductive (general to specific)
Rationalism
lack of social support will lead to hospital
readmission, “not all”
Rationalism
Way of looking at reality using the five senses
Empiricism
An object is real in so far as seen, felt, smelled, tasted, heard
Empiricism
A theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience
Empiricism
Fundamental part of scientific method
(experimentations)
Empiricism
Knowledge is based on experience; ex. physical assessment
Empiricism
Gather information more and observe facts before finally saying a theory exists
Empiricism
Reynolds, “research-then-theory strategy”
Empiricism
it is inductive. (specific to general)
Empiricism
ex: collect data →diagnose
Empiricism
Positivism emerged as the dominant view of modern science.
Early 20th century views
Modern logical positivists believed that empirical research and logical analysis were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.
Early 20th century views
Philosopher focused on the analysis of theory structure.
Early 20th century views
Scientists focused on empirical research.
Early 20th century views
Increasing use of computers which permits the analysis of large data.
Early 20th century views
In constructing theory, theorists must be
knowledgeable about available empirical findings and able to take these into account, because theory is concerned with organizing and formalizing available
knowledge of a given phenomenon.
Interdependence of theory and research
The theory is subject to revision or maybe abandoned in favor of an alternative explanation for new information
Interdependence of theory and research
Phenomenological Approach reduces observations or text to the meanings of phenomena independent of theirparticular context. This approach focuses on the lived meaning of experiences.
Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century
Several authors presented analysis challenging the positivist position, thus offering the basis for a new perspective in science
Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century
Empiricists view phenomena objectively, collect data and analyze it to inductively propose theory
Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century
“Human beings do science” - Gale. It might be anticipated that social, economic, or political factors may influence scientific enterprise. It depends on the funds, popularity of certain ideologies
Science as a social enterprise
Science progresses by the diversity of dialogue within the discipline of nursing. The creation of a merged paradigm from many paradigms is debated in relationship to the advancement of nursing.
Science as a social enterprise
Usually means “mere guess” or
unproved
Theory
Literally means “a vision” or “a
beholding scene”
Theory
Theory Greek word “__________”
theoria
A set of statements that tentatively
describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts that have been systematically selected & organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon (Powers & Knapp).
Theory
implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true. An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.
Theory
An idea that is suggested or
presented as possibly true but
that is not known or proven to
be true
Theory
An internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions & propositions) that present a systematic view about a phenomenon & which is useful for description, explanation, prediction & control (Bodie & Chitty)
Theory
Scientifically theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true
Theory
A creative & rigorous structuring of
ideas that project a tentative,
purposeful & systematic view of
phenomenon
Theory
Validation of existing knowledge as well as discovery of new knowledge.
Theory
We apply _____ to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing practice
theory
The general principles or ideas that relate to principles or ideas that relate to a
particular subject.
Theory
are words or phrases that are used to
represent the phenomenon observed or experienced
Concepts
are the building blocks of theories, “ideas”
Concepts
describe & classify phenomena
Concepts
Categories of Concepts
Abstract
Concrete
Discrete
Continuous
Theoretical Definition
Operational Definition
independent of a certain time and place
Abstract
more specific time or place
Concrete
they belong or not belong to a particular categories or classes of phenomena
Discrete
▪ Concepts - classifications of dimensions or gradations of a phenomenon across a continuum
▪ Degrees or levels in a given continuum
Continuous
establish meaning (dictionary)
Theoretical Definitions
how these concepts are used or will be used within the context of the phenomenon
Operational Definitions
10 Phases of Concept Building Process:
- Write a meaningful practice story.
- Name the central phenomenon in the practice story.
- Identify a theoretical lens for viewing the phenomenon.
- Link the phenomenon to existing literature.
- Gather a story from someone who has lived the phenomenon.
- Reconstruct the shared story and create mini-saga that captures its message
- Identify the core qualities of the phenomenon.
- Use the core qualities to create a definition.
- Create a model of the phenomenon
- Write a mini synthesis that integrates the phenomenon with a population to suggest research direction
Types of Statements
Rational Statements
Theoretical Statements
Operational Statements
Statements in a theory may state definitions or relations among concepts
Relational Statements
Relate concepts to one another; permit analysis
Theoretical Statements
Relate concepts to measurements
Operational Statements
Linkages and Ordering
Linkages of theoretical statements
Linkages of operational statements
Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms
Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations
provide rationale of why theoretical statements are linked; add
plausibility
Linkages of theoretical statements
provides rationale for how measurement variables are linked;
permit testability
Linkages of operational statements
eliminates overlap (tautology)
Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms
eliminates inconsistency
Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations
A statement of fact that aims to explain, in brief and simple terms, an action or set of actions
Scientific Laws
Generally accepted to be true and universal and can occasionally be expressed in terms of a single
mathematical equation
Scientific Laws
SIMPLE, TRUE, UNIVERSAL & ABSOLUTE
Scientific Laws
Governs a single action, foundations for all science
Scientific Laws
Statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe
Scientific Laws
Always applies under same conditions, & implies that there is a causal relationship involving its elements
Scientific Laws
Law of Universal Gravitation by Newton
Scientific Laws
More complex & dynamic; maybe replaced
Theory
Explains an entire group
Theory
Can be changed or improved without changing the overall truth
Theory
Developed from the scientific method
Theory
ACCEPTED AT TRUE & PROVED
Theory
an educated guess based upon observation
Hypothesis
can be supported or proven false by experimentation or continued observation
Hypothesis
an idea or theory that is not proven but leads to further study or discussion
Hypothesis
an assumption made for the sake of argument
Hypothesis
HAS NOT BEEN PROVED
Hypothesis
watching excessive amounts of TV reduces a person’s ability to concentrate; smoking leads to lung cancer
Hypothesis
Contemporary Issues in Nursing Theory Development:
Theoretical Boundaries and Levels to Advance Nursing Science
Nursing Theory, Practice and Research
proposed framework now used without reference to the author for the development of nursing science
Theoretical Boundaries and Levels to Advance Nursing Science
Theory-testing research may lead one nursing theory to fall aside as a new theory is developed that explains nursing phenomena more adequately; must continue to advance the discipline
Nursing Theory, Practice and Research
