Module 1: Philosophy, Science and Nursing Flashcards
1
Q
She began to assume the great significance
of providing a clean and healthy environment to achieve recovery of patients and continues up
to present.
A
Florence Nightingale
2
Q
She envisioned nurses as a body of educated women who organized service and caring for wounded in wartime (________) and establishment of Nursing school in __________________ pioneering activities in nursing practice and education.
A
Crimean War ; London (St. Thomas Hospital)
3
Q
Nursing started as a ___________ offering only skills during their time
A
vocational course
4
Q
Apprenticeship model
A
Nursing practice was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through practice seen by Florence during her time
5
Q
Historical Eras of Nursing’s Search for Specialized Knowledge
A
Curriculum Era (1900 - 1940)
Research Era (1950 - 1970)
Graduate Education Era (1950 - 1970)
Theory Era (1980 - 1990)
Theory Utilization Era (21st Century)
6
Q
Major Question - Curriculum Era
A
What curriculum content should nurses
study to be nurses
7
Q
Major Question - Research Era
A
What is the focus for nursing research?
8
Q
Major Question - Graduate Education Era
A
What knowledge is needed for the
practice of nursing?
9
Q
Major Question - Theory Era
A
How do these frameworks guide
research and practice?
10
Q
Major Question - Theory Utilization Era
A
What new theories are needed to produce evidence of quality care?
11
Q
Emphasis - Curriculum Era
A
Courses included in nursing programs
12
Q
Emphasis - Research Era
A
Role of nurses and what to research
13
Q
Emphasis - Graduate Education Era
A
Carving out an advanced role and basis for nursing practice
14
Q
Emphasis - Theory Era
A
There are many ways to think about nursing
15
Q
Emphasis - Theory Utilization Era
A
Nursing theory guides research, practice, education, and administration
16
Q
Outcomes - Curriculum Era
A
Standardized curricula for diploma programs
17
Q
Outcomes - Research Era
A
Problem studies and studies of nurses
18
Q
Outcomes - Graduate Education Era
A
Nurses have an important role in health care
19
Q
Outcomes - Theory Era
A
Nursing theoretical works shift the focus to the patient
20
Q
Outcomes - Theory Utilization Era
A
Middle-range theory may be from quantitative or qualitative approaches
21
Q
Emerging Goal - Curriculum Era
A
Develop specialized knowledge and higher education
22
Q
Emerging Goal - Research Era
A
Isolated studies do not yield unified knowledge
23
Q
Emerging goal - Graduate Education Era
A
Focus graduate education on knowledge development
24
Q
Emerging Goal - Theory Era
A
Theories guide nursing research and practice
25
Emerging Goal - Theory Utilization Era
Nursing frameworks produce knowledge (evidence) for quality care
26
Fawcett classified nursing models as paradigms with in a more organized / specialized metaparadigm of:
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing Concepts
27
At the beginning of the 20th century, nursing was not recognized as an _____________ or a __________. The accomplishments of the past century led to the recognition of nursing in both areas.
academic discipline ; profession
28
Specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or a domain of knowledge.
Discipline
29
Branch of education; theoretical works leading to higher level of education and practice.
Discipline
30
Functional Focus (what nurses do) – knowledge focus or what nurses know and how they use them for thinking and decision making while taking care of a patient.
Discipline
31
Knowledge of persons, health and environment forms the basis for nursing as a discipline
Discipline
32
Refers to a specialized field of practice founded on the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities.
Profession
33
Knowledge of that discipline and accompanying practice abilities
Profession
34
Recognition and respect for their scholarly disciplined contribution to the health of society.
Profession
35
Criteria for the Development of the Professional status of Nursing:
1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge.
2. Constantly enlarges the knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service thru scientific method.
3. Entrusts the education of its practitioners to universities/ colleges.
4. Applies knowledge in practical services important to community welfare.
5. Functions autonomously in developing professional policy.
6. Attracts individuals with intellectual and personal qualities of intensifying service.
7. Strives to compensate nurses by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security.
36
study of knowledge
Epistemology
37
meaning knowledge, understanding
Epistemology
38
concerned with the theory of knowledge in philosophical inquiry or how knowledge came to be.
Epistemology
39
What is real is also considered knowledge.
Epistemology
40
Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature & scope of knowledge.
Epistemology
41
It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs
Epistemology
42
It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs
Epistemology
43
It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs
Epistemology
44
Philosophical Foundations of Science
Rationalism
Empiricism
45
Priori reasoning -utilizes deductive; cause to effect or general to particular
Rationalism
46
Use use of the rational senses in ensuring the truthfulness of a phenomenon
Rationalism
47
Understand the whole first before you can appreciate the lesser parts
Rationalism
48
Regards reason as the chief source & test of knowledge
Rationalism
49
Any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification (theory-the-research approach)
Rationalism
50
Criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual & deductive (general to specific)
Rationalism
51
lack of social support will lead to hospital
readmission, "not all"
Rationalism
52
Way of looking at reality using the five senses
Empiricism
53
An object is real in so far as seen, felt, smelled, tasted, heard
Empiricism
54
A theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience
Empiricism
55
Fundamental part of scientific method
(experimentations)
Empiricism
56
Knowledge is based on experience; ex. physical assessment
Empiricism
57
Gather information more and observe facts before finally saying a theory exists
Empiricism
58
Reynolds, “research-then-theory strategy”
Empiricism
59
it is inductive. (specific to general)
Empiricism
60
ex: collect data →diagnose
Empiricism
61
Positivism emerged as the dominant view of modern science.
Early 20th century views
62
Modern logical positivists believed that empirical research and logical analysis were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.
Early 20th century views
63
Philosopher focused on the analysis of theory structure.
Early 20th century views
64
Scientists focused on empirical research.
Early 20th century views
65
Increasing use of computers which permits the analysis of large data.
Early 20th century views
66
In constructing theory, theorists must be
knowledgeable about available empirical findings and able to take these into account, because theory is concerned with organizing and formalizing available
knowledge of a given phenomenon.
Interdependence of theory and research
67
The theory is subject to revision or maybe abandoned in favor of an alternative explanation for new information
Interdependence of theory and research
68
Phenomenological Approach reduces observations or text to the meanings of phenomena independent of theirparticular context. This approach focuses on the lived meaning of experiences.
Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century
69
Several authors presented analysis challenging the positivist position, thus offering the basis for a new perspective in science
Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century
70
Empiricists view phenomena objectively, collect data and analyze it to inductively propose theory
Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century
71
"Human beings do science" - Gale. It might be anticipated that social, economic, or political factors may influence scientific enterprise. It depends on the funds, popularity of certain ideologies
Science as a social enterprise
72
Science progresses by the diversity of dialogue within the discipline of nursing. The creation of a merged paradigm from many paradigms is debated in relationship to the advancement of nursing.
Science as a social enterprise
73
Usually means “mere guess” or
unproved
Theory
74
Literally means “a vision” or “a
beholding scene”
Theory
75
Theory Greek word “__________”
theoria
76
A set of statements that tentatively
describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts that have been systematically selected & organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon (Powers & Knapp).
Theory
77
implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true. An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.
Theory
78
An idea that is suggested or
presented as possibly true but
that is not known or proven to
be true
Theory
79
An internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions & propositions) that present a systematic view about a phenomenon & which is useful for description, explanation, prediction & control (Bodie & Chitty)
Theory
80
Scientifically theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true
Theory
81
A creative & rigorous structuring of
ideas that project a tentative,
purposeful & systematic view of
phenomenon
Theory
82
Validation of existing knowledge as well as discovery of new knowledge.
Theory
83
We apply _____ to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing practice
theory
84
The general principles or ideas that relate to principles or ideas that relate to a
particular subject.
Theory
85
are words or phrases that are used to
represent the phenomenon observed or experienced
Concepts
86
are the building blocks of theories, “ideas”
Concepts
87
describe & classify phenomena
Concepts
88
Categories of Concepts
Abstract
Concrete
Discrete
Continuous
Theoretical Definition
Operational Definition
89
independent of a certain time and place
Abstract
90
more specific time or place
Concrete
91
they belong or not belong to a particular categories or classes of phenomena
Discrete
92
▪ Concepts - classifications of dimensions or gradations of a phenomenon across a continuum
▪ Degrees or levels in a given continuum
Continuous
93
establish meaning (dictionary)
Theoretical Definitions
94
how these concepts are used or will be used within the context of the phenomenon
Operational Definitions
95
10 Phases of Concept Building Process:
1. Write a meaningful practice story.
2. Name the central phenomenon in the practice story.
3. Identify a theoretical lens for viewing the phenomenon.
4. Link the phenomenon to existing literature.
5. Gather a story from someone who has lived the phenomenon.
6. Reconstruct the shared story and create mini-saga that captures its message
7. Identify the core qualities of the phenomenon.
8. Use the core qualities to create a definition.
9. Create a model of the phenomenon
10. Write a mini synthesis that integrates the phenomenon with a population to suggest research direction
96
Types of Statements
Rational Statements
Theoretical Statements
Operational Statements
97
Statements in a theory may state definitions or relations among concepts
Relational Statements
98
Relate concepts to one another; permit analysis
Theoretical Statements
99
Relate concepts to measurements
Operational Statements
100
Linkages and Ordering
Linkages of theoretical statements
Linkages of operational statements
Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms
Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations
101
provide rationale of why theoretical statements are linked; add
plausibility
Linkages of theoretical statements
102
provides rationale for how measurement variables are linked;
permit testability
Linkages of operational statements
103
eliminates overlap (tautology)
Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms
104
eliminates inconsistency
Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations
105
A statement of fact that aims to explain, in brief and simple terms, an action or set of actions
Scientific Laws
106
Generally accepted to be true and universal and can occasionally be expressed in terms of a single
mathematical equation
Scientific Laws
107
SIMPLE, TRUE, UNIVERSAL & ABSOLUTE
Scientific Laws
108
Governs a single action, foundations for all science
Scientific Laws
109
Statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe
Scientific Laws
110
Always applies under same conditions, & implies that there is a causal relationship involving its elements
Scientific Laws
111
Law of Universal Gravitation by Newton
Scientific Laws
112
More complex & dynamic; maybe replaced
Theory
113
Explains an entire group
Theory
114
Can be changed or improved without changing the overall truth
Theory
115
Developed from the scientific method
Theory
116
ACCEPTED AT TRUE & PROVED
Theory
117
an educated guess based upon observation
Hypothesis
118
can be supported or proven false by experimentation or continued observation
Hypothesis
119
an idea or theory that is not proven but leads to further study or discussion
Hypothesis
120
an assumption made for the sake of argument
Hypothesis
121
HAS NOT BEEN PROVED
Hypothesis
122
watching excessive amounts of TV reduces a person’s ability to concentrate; smoking leads to lung cancer
Hypothesis
123
Contemporary Issues in Nursing Theory Development:
Theoretical Boundaries and Levels to Advance Nursing Science
Nursing Theory, Practice and Research
124
proposed framework now used without reference to the author for the development of nursing science
Theoretical Boundaries and Levels to Advance Nursing Science
125
Theory-testing research may lead one nursing theory to fall aside as a new theory is developed that explains nursing phenomena more adequately; must continue to advance the discipline
Nursing Theory, Practice and Research
