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Theoretical Foundation of Nursing > Module 1: Philosophy, Science and Nursing > Flashcards

Module 1: Philosophy, Science and Nursing Flashcards

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1
Q

She began to assume the great significance
of providing a clean and healthy environment to achieve recovery of patients and continues up
to present.

A

Florence Nightingale

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2
Q

She envisioned nurses as a body of educated women who organized service and caring for wounded in wartime (________) and establishment of Nursing school in __________________ pioneering activities in nursing practice and education.

A

Crimean War ; London (St. Thomas Hospital)

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3
Q

Nursing started as a ___________ offering only skills during their time

A

vocational course

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4
Q

Apprenticeship model

A

Nursing practice was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through practice seen by Florence during her time

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5
Q

Historical Eras of Nursing’s Search for Specialized Knowledge

A

Curriculum Era (1900 - 1940)
Research Era (1950 - 1970)
Graduate Education Era (1950 - 1970)
Theory Era (1980 - 1990)
Theory Utilization Era (21st Century)

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6
Q

Major Question - Curriculum Era

A

What curriculum content should nurses
study to be nurses

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7
Q

Major Question - Research Era

A

What is the focus for nursing research?

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8
Q

Major Question - Graduate Education Era

A

What knowledge is needed for the
practice of nursing?

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9
Q

Major Question - Theory Era

A

How do these frameworks guide
research and practice?

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10
Q

Major Question - Theory Utilization Era

A

What new theories are needed to produce evidence of quality care?

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11
Q

Emphasis - Curriculum Era

A

Courses included in nursing programs

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12
Q

Emphasis - Research Era

A

Role of nurses and what to research

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13
Q

Emphasis - Graduate Education Era

A

Carving out an advanced role and basis for nursing practice

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14
Q

Emphasis - Theory Era

A

There are many ways to think about nursing

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15
Q

Emphasis - Theory Utilization Era

A

Nursing theory guides research, practice, education, and administration

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16
Q

Outcomes - Curriculum Era

A

Standardized curricula for diploma programs

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17
Q

Outcomes - Research Era

A

Problem studies and studies of nurses

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18
Q

Outcomes - Graduate Education Era

A

Nurses have an important role in health care

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19
Q

Outcomes - Theory Era

A

Nursing theoretical works shift the focus to the patient

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20
Q

Outcomes - Theory Utilization Era

A

Middle-range theory may be from quantitative or qualitative approaches

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21
Q

Emerging Goal - Curriculum Era

A

Develop specialized knowledge and higher education

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22
Q

Emerging Goal - Research Era

A

Isolated studies do not yield unified knowledge

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23
Q

Emerging goal - Graduate Education Era

A

Focus graduate education on knowledge development

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24
Q

Emerging Goal - Theory Era

A

Theories guide nursing research and practice

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25
Q

Emerging Goal - Theory Utilization Era

A

Nursing frameworks produce knowledge (evidence) for quality care

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26
Q

Fawcett classified nursing models as paradigms with in a more organized / specialized metaparadigm of:

A

Person
Environment
Health
Nursing Concepts

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27
Q

At the beginning of the 20th century, nursing was not recognized as an _____________ or a __________. The accomplishments of the past century led to the recognition of nursing in both areas.

A

academic discipline ; profession

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28
Q

Specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or a domain of knowledge.

A

Discipline

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29
Q

Branch of education; theoretical works leading to higher level of education and practice.

A

Discipline

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30
Q

Functional Focus (what nurses do) – knowledge focus or what nurses know and how they use them for thinking and decision making while taking care of a patient.

A

Discipline

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31
Q

Knowledge of persons, health and environment forms the basis for nursing as a discipline

A

Discipline

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32
Q

Refers to a specialized field of practice founded on the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities.

A

Profession

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33
Q

Knowledge of that discipline and accompanying practice abilities

A

Profession

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34
Q

Recognition and respect for their scholarly disciplined contribution to the health of society.

A

Profession

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35
Q

Criteria for the Development of the Professional status of Nursing:

A
  1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge.
  2. Constantly enlarges the knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service thru scientific method.
  3. Entrusts the education of its practitioners to universities/ colleges.
  4. Applies knowledge in practical services important to community welfare.
  5. Functions autonomously in developing professional policy.
  6. Attracts individuals with intellectual and personal qualities of intensifying service.
  7. Strives to compensate nurses by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security.
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36
Q

study of knowledge

A

Epistemology

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37
Q

meaning knowledge, understanding

A

Epistemology

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38
Q

concerned with the theory of knowledge in philosophical inquiry or how knowledge came to be.

A

Epistemology

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39
Q

What is real is also considered knowledge.

A

Epistemology

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40
Q

Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature & scope of knowledge.

A

Epistemology

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41
Q

It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs

A

Epistemology

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42
Q

It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs

A

Epistemology

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43
Q

It is the study of knowledge & justifies beliefs

A

Epistemology

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44
Q

Philosophical Foundations of Science

A

Rationalism
Empiricism

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45
Q

Priori reasoning -utilizes deductive; cause to effect or general to particular

A

Rationalism

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46
Q

Use use of the rational senses in ensuring the truthfulness of a phenomenon

A

Rationalism

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47
Q

Understand the whole first before you can appreciate the lesser parts

A

Rationalism

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48
Q

Regards reason as the chief source & test of knowledge

A

Rationalism

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49
Q

Any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification (theory-the-research approach)

A

Rationalism

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50
Q

Criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual & deductive (general to specific)

A

Rationalism

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51
Q

lack of social support will lead to hospital
readmission, “not all”

A

Rationalism

52
Q

Way of looking at reality using the five senses

A

Empiricism

53
Q

An object is real in so far as seen, felt, smelled, tasted, heard

A

Empiricism

54
Q

A theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience

A

Empiricism

55
Q

Fundamental part of scientific method
(experimentations)

A

Empiricism

56
Q

Knowledge is based on experience; ex. physical assessment

A

Empiricism

57
Q

Gather information more and observe facts before finally saying a theory exists

A

Empiricism

58
Q

Reynolds, “research-then-theory strategy”

A

Empiricism

59
Q

it is inductive. (specific to general)

A

Empiricism

60
Q

ex: collect data →diagnose

A

Empiricism

61
Q

Positivism emerged as the dominant view of modern science.

A

Early 20th century views

62
Q

Modern logical positivists believed that empirical research and logical analysis were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.

A

Early 20th century views

63
Q

Philosopher focused on the analysis of theory structure.

A

Early 20th century views

64
Q

Scientists focused on empirical research.

A

Early 20th century views

65
Q

Increasing use of computers which permits the analysis of large data.

A

Early 20th century views

66
Q

In constructing theory, theorists must be
knowledgeable about available empirical findings and able to take these into account, because theory is concerned with organizing and formalizing available
knowledge of a given phenomenon.

A

Interdependence of theory and research

67
Q

The theory is subject to revision or maybe abandoned in favor of an alternative explanation for new information

A

Interdependence of theory and research

68
Q

Phenomenological Approach reduces observations or text to the meanings of phenomena independent of theirparticular context. This approach focuses on the lived meaning of experiences.

A

Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century

69
Q

Several authors presented analysis challenging the positivist position, thus offering the basis for a new perspective in science

A

Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century

70
Q

Empiricists view phenomena objectively, collect data and analyze it to inductively propose theory

A

Emergent of science and theory in the late 20th century

71
Q

“Human beings do science” - Gale. It might be anticipated that social, economic, or political factors may influence scientific enterprise. It depends on the funds, popularity of certain ideologies

A

Science as a social enterprise

72
Q

Science progresses by the diversity of dialogue within the discipline of nursing. The creation of a merged paradigm from many paradigms is debated in relationship to the advancement of nursing.

A

Science as a social enterprise

73
Q

Usually means “mere guess” or
unproved

A

Theory

74
Q

Literally means “a vision” or “a
beholding scene”

A

Theory

75
Q

Theory Greek word “__________”

A

theoria

76
Q

A set of statements that tentatively
describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts that have been systematically selected & organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon (Powers & Knapp).

A

Theory

77
Q

implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true. An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.

A

Theory

78
Q

An idea that is suggested or
presented as possibly true but
that is not known or proven to
be true

A

Theory

79
Q

An internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions & propositions) that present a systematic view about a phenomenon & which is useful for description, explanation, prediction & control (Bodie & Chitty)

A

Theory

80
Q

Scientifically theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true

A

Theory

81
Q

A creative & rigorous structuring of
ideas that project a tentative,
purposeful & systematic view of
phenomenon

A

Theory

82
Q

Validation of existing knowledge as well as discovery of new knowledge.

A

Theory

83
Q

We apply _____ to describe, explain, predict, or prescribe nursing practice

A

theory

84
Q

The general principles or ideas that relate to principles or ideas that relate to a
particular subject.

A

Theory

85
Q

are words or phrases that are used to
represent the phenomenon observed or experienced

A

Concepts

86
Q

are the building blocks of theories, “ideas”

A

Concepts

87
Q

describe & classify phenomena

A

Concepts

88
Q

Categories of Concepts

A

Abstract
Concrete
Discrete
Continuous
Theoretical Definition
Operational Definition

89
Q

independent of a certain time and place

A

Abstract

90
Q

more specific time or place

A

Concrete

91
Q

they belong or not belong to a particular categories or classes of phenomena

A

Discrete

92
Q

▪ Concepts - classifications of dimensions or gradations of a phenomenon across a continuum
▪ Degrees or levels in a given continuum

A

Continuous

93
Q

establish meaning (dictionary)

A

Theoretical Definitions

94
Q

how these concepts are used or will be used within the context of the phenomenon

A

Operational Definitions

95
Q

10 Phases of Concept Building Process:

A
  1. Write a meaningful practice story.
  2. Name the central phenomenon in the practice story.
  3. Identify a theoretical lens for viewing the phenomenon.
  4. Link the phenomenon to existing literature.
  5. Gather a story from someone who has lived the phenomenon.
  6. Reconstruct the shared story and create mini-saga that captures its message
  7. Identify the core qualities of the phenomenon.
  8. Use the core qualities to create a definition.
  9. Create a model of the phenomenon
  10. Write a mini synthesis that integrates the phenomenon with a population to suggest research direction
96
Q

Types of Statements

A

Rational Statements
Theoretical Statements
Operational Statements

97
Q

Statements in a theory may state definitions or relations among concepts

A

Relational Statements

98
Q

Relate concepts to one another; permit analysis

A

Theoretical Statements

99
Q

Relate concepts to measurements

A

Operational Statements

100
Q

Linkages and Ordering

A

Linkages of theoretical statements

Linkages of operational statements

Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms

Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations

101
Q

provide rationale of why theoretical statements are linked; add
plausibility

A

Linkages of theoretical statements

102
Q

provides rationale for how measurement variables are linked;
permit testability

A

Linkages of operational statements

103
Q

eliminates overlap (tautology)

A

Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms

104
Q

eliminates inconsistency

A

Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations

105
Q

A statement of fact that aims to explain, in brief and simple terms, an action or set of actions

A

Scientific Laws

106
Q

Generally accepted to be true and universal and can occasionally be expressed in terms of a single
mathematical equation

A

Scientific Laws

107
Q

SIMPLE, TRUE, UNIVERSAL & ABSOLUTE

A

Scientific Laws

108
Q

Governs a single action, foundations for all science

A

Scientific Laws

109
Q

Statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe

A

Scientific Laws

110
Q

Always applies under same conditions, & implies that there is a causal relationship involving its elements

A

Scientific Laws

111
Q

Law of Universal Gravitation by Newton

A

Scientific Laws

112
Q

More complex & dynamic; maybe replaced

A

Theory

113
Q

Explains an entire group

A

Theory

114
Q

Can be changed or improved without changing the overall truth

A

Theory

115
Q

Developed from the scientific method

A

Theory

116
Q

ACCEPTED AT TRUE & PROVED

A

Theory

117
Q

an educated guess based upon observation

A

Hypothesis

118
Q

can be supported or proven false by experimentation or continued observation

A

Hypothesis

119
Q

an idea or theory that is not proven but leads to further study or discussion

A

Hypothesis

120
Q

an assumption made for the sake of argument

A

Hypothesis

121
Q

HAS NOT BEEN PROVED

A

Hypothesis

122
Q

watching excessive amounts of TV reduces a person’s ability to concentrate; smoking leads to lung cancer

A

Hypothesis

123
Q

Contemporary Issues in Nursing Theory Development:

A

Theoretical Boundaries and Levels to Advance Nursing Science

Nursing Theory, Practice and Research

124
Q

proposed framework now used without reference to the author for the development of nursing science

A

Theoretical Boundaries and Levels to Advance Nursing Science

125
Q

Theory-testing research may lead one nursing theory to fall aside as a new theory is developed that explains nursing phenomena more adequately; must continue to advance the discipline

A

Nursing Theory, Practice and Research

Theoretical Foundation of Nursing (2 decks)

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