Module 2: Nursing as an Art: Caring, Communicating, Teaching

Question 1

______ is a dimension of human relating, and often referred to as the art of nursing.

Answer 1

Caring

Question 2

involves connection, mutual recognition, and involvement between nurse and client. When

Answer 2

Caring practice

Question 3

Caring is a multidimensional concept. In a comprehensive review of the concept of caring, Morse, Solberg, Neander, Battorff, and Johnson (1990) identified different definitions of caring, which were summarized as the following five viewpoints:

Answer 3

• Caring as a moral imperative
• Caring as an affect
• Caring as a human trait
• Caring as an interpersonal relationship
• Caring as a therapeutic intervention

Question 4

She emphasizes care as a “distinct, dominant, unifying, and central focus of nursing”

Answer 4

Madeleine Leininger

Question 5

Focuses both on the differences and similarities among individuals in diverse cultures. In order
to provide care that is congruent with cultural values, beliefs, and practices.

Answer 5

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING (Madeleine Leininger)

Question 6

One of the most critical factors in helping people maintain or regain health.
*Has a theory based on the assumption that nurses must understand different cultures in order to function effectively.

Answer 6

CULTURE CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY

Question 7

Milton Mayeroff (1990), a noted philosopher, has proposed that to care for another person is to help him grow and actualize himself. Mayeroff defines major ingredients of caring:

Answer 7

1. Knowing - understanding the other’s need and how to respond to these needs
2. Alternating rhythm - moving back and forth between the immediate and long-term meanings of behavior, considering the past
3. Patience - enables the other grow in his own way and time
4. Honesty - includes awareness and openness to one’s own feelings and a genuineness in caring for the other
5. Trust - involves letting go, to allow the other to grow in his own way and own time
6. Humility - acknowledging that there is always more to learn, and that learning may come from any source
7. Hope - belief in the possibilities of the other’s growth
8. Courage - the sense of going into the unknown, informed by insight from past experiences

Question 8

The four types of knowledge that was identified by Carper (1978) from her observations of nurses’ activities are the following:

Answer 8

(1) scientific competence (empirical knowledge) (SCIENCE OF NURSING)
(2) therapeutic use of self (personal knowing) (THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF SELF)
(3) moral/ethical awareness (ethical knowing) (MORAL COMPONENT)
(4) creative action (aesthetic knowing). (ART OF NURSING