Module 2 - Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards
What is the objective of inflammation?
Removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process
What is acute inflammation?
- Rapid onset with both vascular and cellular responses. Marked by redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Systemic symptoms like fever may occur.
- Inflammatory mediators, initiated by the release of pro-inflammatory chemicals like histamine and prostaglandins from damaged cells, determine the intensity of the response
What are the stages of inflammation?
- Vascular phase of inflammation
- Involves vasodilation, increased blood flow, and capillary permeability, leading to swelling and pain
- Triggers cascading reactions for complement formation, kinin production, and coagulation
- Exudates: fluid leaking from blood vessels into tissues, carrying cells and plasma components for inflammation and healing, and diluting toxins
- Exudates types include serous, fibrinous, purulent, and haemorrhagic
- Cellular phase of inflammation
- White blood cells, especially phagocytes migrate to the injury site
- Neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages ingest debris and release pyrogens, potentially inducing fever
What is chronic inflammation?
- Inflammation lasting over 2 weeks when the inflammatory response can’t neutralise the injury agent
- Dominated by lymphocytes and macrophages, and involves fibroblast activation for tissue repair
What is the aim of the healing and repair process?
- Aims to restore functional tissue cells and tissue continuity through scar formation
- Begins within days of injury, with scar maturation lasting years
What are the types of healing in the healing and repair process?
- First-intention healing involves minimal tissue loss and quick recovery
- Second-intention healing, seen in severe burns or ulcers, results in extensive scarring and prolonged recovery with possible complicatioon like contractures
What is a bone disorder
Disorders affecting bone that can cause weakness, breaks and deformities in bone
What is a joint disorder
Disorders affecting joints, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. May cause pain, inflammation and reduced ROM
What is a muscle disorder
Disorders affecting muscles, often causing weakness, muscle atrophy, inflammation and pain
What is the musculoskeletal system
- Comprised of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, carilage, joints and bursae
- Responisble for movement.
- This involves muscle contraction, shortening muscles, applying force to bone via tendon creating movement
- 2/3 of bone mass comprised of minerals, mainly calcium carbonate and phosphate
- Remaining 1/3 from water and collagen providing bone flexibility
- Osteoblasts are responsible for new bone, and osteoclasts remove damaged bone. The balance4 of these activities is essential for bone remodelling
What is a fracture (including the symptoms, diagnosis and management)
A break in the bone is often caused by significant force. Linked to osteoporosis, and osteomalacia.
Fractures are classified based on injury mechanism and stability
Symptoms include pain, swelling, deformities and possible shock
Diagnosis includes imaging and physical assessment
Management includes imaging, pain relief, immobilisation
What is osteoporosis (including the risk factors, diagnosis and management)
A bone disease marked by reduced bone mineral density and bone microstructure deterioration, and imbalance in bone formation and resorption
Risk factors include increases in age, hormonal changes, lifestyle, and dietary deficiencies
Typically asymptomatic until a fracture
Is diagnosed through medical history, DEXA scans
Management includes calcium supplementation and Fosomax
What is osteomalacia? (include the symptoms, diagnosis and management)
Defined as the softening of bones from abnormal mineralisation
Causes vitamin D deficiency, dietary calcium deficiency, bone pain, reduced mobility, and muscle weakness
Diagnosed with clinical exam, lab tests, imaging
Managed with vitamin D and calcium supplements and sun exposure education
What is osteomyelitis? (include risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment)
A bone infection, acute or chronic, often from staphylococcus aureus
Risk factors include injuries, diabetes and IV drug use
Symptoms include pain, swelling, restricted movement and fatigue
Diagnosed through medical history, imaging and microbial cultures
Treatment is based on antimicrobial agents
What are osteogenic tumours?
Osteogenic tumours are malignant bone cancers, common in children and adolescents
This includes osteosarcomas, and ewing’s sarcoma
Symptoms include pain, tenderness, swelling and mobility issues
Diagnosed through history, radiological tests, and biopsies
Treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery
