Module 2: Microbial Biotechnology

Question 1

Process of enzyme production in microorganism:

Answer 1

1. Identifying the source
2. Preparation of inoculums (screening, isolation, and cultivation)
3. Cultivation in large batches
4. Enzyme recovery
5. Purification

Question 2

Characteristics of an ideal microorganism source of enzymes

Answer 2

 Must be stable with respect to productivity
 Must be grown in cheap substrate
 Must be genetically stable
 Must be easy to manipulate genetically
 Should not produce toxic products

Question 3

___ is the best-known antibiotic-producing genus, generating antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic medicines as well as a variety of other bioactive chemicals such as immunosuppressants

Answer 3

Streptomyces

Question 4

First commercially produced antibiotic identified by Rene Dubos

Answer 4

Tyrothricin

Question 5

Tyrothricin is composed of two compounds: ___ and ___

Answer 5

gramicidin (20%)

tyrocidine (80%)

Question 6

____ are added to detergents to increase fabric smoothness and dirt removal without harming the fabric

Answer 6

Cellulase

Question 7

This enzyme is naturally produced in the body but production of this enzyme slows down with age which leads to skin aging, sun damage, and collagen production.

Answer 7

Coenzyme Q10

Question 8

Powerful antioxidant that eliminates free radicals promoting cellular health. It does this by converting superoxide into hydroperoxides, a less reactive form

Answer 8

Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Question 9

Superoxide may enter into the cytosol via ___

Answer 9

chlorine channel (CLC) 3

Question 10

Converts hydrogen peroxide into water

Answer 10

cytosolic and mitochondrial SOD

Question 11

Hydrogen peroxide entry into the cell is via ___

Answer 11

aquaporins

Question 12

What are co-enzymes required for the activity of cytosolic/mitochondrial SOD?

Answer 12

catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase

Question 13

Converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide

Answer 13

extracellular SOD

Question 14

Includes stimulating microbes with chemicals or nutrient to start the cleanup process

Answer 14

Biostimulation (intervention is done by adding stimulating compounds)

Question 15

This procedure is mostly used to clean up soil pollution, which introduces bacteria to the damaged area surface, where they are allowed to thrive

Answer 15

Bioaugmentation (intervention by addition of bacterial species)

Question 16

Converts harmful elements into innocuous ones by using the afflicted area’s local microbiome

Answer 16

Intrinsic bioremediation (no intervention at all; just local microbiome)

Question 17

This method for waste and toxic chemical treatment includes: ion exchange, precipitation, oxidation and reduction, and neutralization.

Answer 17

Chemical methods

Question 18

This method for waste and toxic chemical treatment includes: high temperature incineration that detoxifies certain organic wastes and destroy them

Answer 18

thermal methods

Question 19

This method for waste and toxic chemical treatment includes: evaporation, sedimentation, flotation, filtration, and solidification.

Answer 19

physical treatment

Question 20

Consist of common and food-grade aerobic and anaerobic microorganism: photosynthetic bacteria, lactobacillus, streptomyces, actinomyces, and yeast

Answer 20

Effective microbes

Question 21

Refers to foods for microbes

Answer 21

prebiotic

Question 22

Refers to live microorganisms

Answer 22

Probiotic

Question 23

Refers to metabolites produced by microorganisms

Answer 23

postbiotic

Question 24

Process through which bacteria break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen such as animal manure, wastewater biosolids, food wastes

Answer 24

Anaerobic fermentation for biogas