Module 1.1: Biotechnology and its History Flashcards
What is the three definitions of biotechnology?
- Manipulation of living organisms or parts of living organisms to make useful products to humans.
- Manipulation of genes of organisms to change their behavior, value, and characteristics
- Cell and gene technology used to produce new characteristics in plants and animals
Yeast was utilized by the Sumerians and Babylonians to prepare ___
Beer
Yeast was utilized by the Egyptians to make ___
Leavened bread
Greek philosopher ___ (470 to 399 BC) hypothesized on the similar characteristics between parents and their offspring.
Socrates
Greek philosopher ____ (384 to 322 BC) theorized that all inheritance originates from the father.
Aristotle
The ____ is based on the idea that organisms arise from non-living matter
Theory of Abiogenesis (Spontaneous Generation)
____ explained that plants and animals are similar in their reproduction in the sense that they reproduce sexually
William Harvery
____ investigated blood circulation in capillaries using a microscope
Marcello Malpighi
____ was the first researcher to explain microorganisms such as protozoa and bacteria
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
____ found that the deliberate administration of smallpox could prevent its occurrence later in life, especially in children
Giacomo Pylarini
____ invented a technique using heat to can and sterilize food
Nicolas Appert
Puerperal Fever is also known as Childbed Fever caused by ___
Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus
Difference between sterilization and pasteurization:
- Sterilization is complete elimination of microorganism; pasteurization is reduction in bacterial load
- Sterilization often destroys sensory attributes of food; pasteurization preserves sensory attributes of foods
____ suggested the theory that puerperal fever could be transmitted from mother to mother by physicians
Ignaz Semmelweis
____ discovered a procedure for keeping animal organs alive under in vitro conditions
Carl Ludwig
The development of what technique paves the way for Modern Biotechnology as it allows cells to survive via incubation
Tissue culture (cf., Carl Ludwig)
____ established that a fungus was responsible for late potato blight
Heinrich Anton de Bary
Microorganism responsible for late potato blight:
Oomycete (characterized as fungi-like due to the abundance of cellulose and presence of small amount of chitin in their cell wall)
___ found that paired chromosomes contain certain elements which are transferred from one generation to another
Sutton
____ shared the same idea of separating X and Y chromosomes for the determination of sex
Edmund Beecher Wilson and Nettie Stevens
____, along with other researchers, found that several genes alter or modify the action of other genes
William Bateson and R. C. Punnett
___ started his investigation into fruit flies that would reveal that chromosomes have a defined role in heredity
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Proteins and DNA were studied by means of ___
X-Rays
This anti-inflammatory product is the first modern biotech product produced
cortisone
___ explored Streptomycin, an active antibiotic against TB
Selman Abraham Waksman
Steptomycin is an amino glycoside which means:
It binds to 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosomes and lead to the formation of premature termination of protein synthesis and/or incorporation of incorrect amino acid
This scientist propose that in a given DNA, the amount of purines (A/G) must be equal to the amount of pyrimidines (T/G).
Erwin Chargaff (Chargaff’s rule)
Discovery of what lead to the explosion of research in molecular biology and genetics?
DNA structure
____developed the HeLa human cell line
George Otto Gey
___ studied ‘Central Dogma’, demonstrating how DNA functions to construct protein
Crick and Gamov
These scientists together deciphered how DNA is expressed as three-letter genetic code (codons).
Marshall Warren Nirenberg, J. Heinrich Matthaei, and S. Ochoa
____ identified the first oncogene in a virus
Virologists Peter H. Duesberg and Peter K. Vogt
What is the first oncogene and where was it found ?
Src oncogene; Rous sarcoma virus
____ a Biochemist, utilized a restriction enzyme to cut DNA into fragments
Paul Berg
____, a Biochemist at UC Berkeley, developed an investigation to distinguish chemicals that can alter DNA
Bruce Nathan Ames (Ames test)
Explain the Ames test
His(-) mutant Salmonella incubated with compound + liver extract –> grown in his(-) culture to screen for mutants
This scientist from UCSF synthesized synthetic human Insulin by introducing the insulin Gene into the bacterium Escherichia coli
Herbert W Boyer
___ was allowed to patent an oil-eating microorganism
Exxon Oil Company
Genus of bacteria with known oil-eating activity
- Oleispira
- Oleiphilus
- Thalaseli
___ won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing the tool of PCR
Kary Mullis
___ was the first organization to achieve the synthesis of a human protein (Somatostatin) in a bacterium
Genentech Inc.
Modified tobacco plant is used to be used to create what vaccine?
Hep B vaccine
Mouse models for cancer research usually have mutations in what genes?
BRCA
Primary goals of microbial biotech:
- Production of enzymes
- Decontamination of industrial waste
- Production of proteins used in medicine
Primary goals of animal biotechnology:
- Production of meat as food
- Production of antibodies
- Animals as research models
- Cloning
Primary goals of agricultural biotechnology:
- increase yield
2.enriched foods - production of drugs and vaccines
4.resistance to disease and pests - reduce production costs
Primary goal of aquatic biotechnology:
Aquaculture as food source
Primary goals of forensic biotechnology:
- Inclusion or exclusion of suspected person
- Paternity test
- Identification of human remains
- Tracking and confirmation of the spread of disease
This branch of biotechnology deals with the the use of biotechnology to to process and degrade a variety of natural and man-made substances.
Bioremediation
In aquatic biotechnology, triploid oysters are usually product by treating oyster larvae with what compound that interferes with cell division?
Cytochalasin B
Why are triploid oysters preferred?
Triploid oysters are unable to produce gametes due to the triploid number of chromosomes which interferes with pairing up and segregation of chromosomes during gamete formation. In effect, triploid oysters tend to allocate energy and resources on growth than reproduction, leading to larger size at maturity.
Primary goals of medical biotechnology:
- Prevention of disease
- Diagnosis
- Treatment of disease
Somatostatin is produced naturally in the body by which tissue?
extraislet neuroendocrine cells
Late potato blight is caused by what specific Oomycete?
P. infestans (cf. P. alternativa)
This refers to organisms or strains of organisms that are unable to produce vital chemicals for survival/growth.
Auxotroph
In modern biotechnology, what is the difference between transfection and transformation?
Transfection - introduction of vector to eukaryotic expression/cloning systems
Transformation - introduction of vector to prokaryotic expression/cloning systems
