Module 2 Lesson 1 Flashcards
carbon skeleton
the chain of carbon atoms that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule
methyl group
a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms
hydroxyl group
a chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
hydrolosis
a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; process by which polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion
hydrophilic
“water-loving” pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts) that are soluble in water
carboxyl group
a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
carbonyl group
a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom liked by a double bond to an oxygen atom
carbohydrates
member of the class of biological molecules consisting of single-monomer sugars, two monomer sugars, and polymers
polysaccharide
a carbohydrate of many monosaccharides (sugars) linked by dehydration reactions
polymer
a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds
phosphate group
a chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
glycogen
an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle tissue cells; the animal equivalent of starch
cellulose
a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers; cellulose molecules are linked to cable-like monomers
amino group
a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms
functional group
a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions
isomers
organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
hydrocarbon
an organic compound composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen
monosaccharides
the simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O
organic compound
a chemical compound containing element carbon and usually the element hydrogen
enzyme
a macromolecule, usually a protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction
dehydration reaction
a chemical reaction in which two molecules are in covalent bond with the removal of a water molecule
disaccharide
a sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction
monomer
the subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer
macromolecule
a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction; a protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid
