MODULE 2 Historical Developments in Science, Technology, and Society Flashcards
focused more on transportation, navigation, communication, record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, health, aesthetics, and architecture.
ancient civilization
considered as the cradle of early
civilization, which transpired in Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) region of the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Sumerian Civilization
One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the first
writing system
first developed by the ancient
Sumerians of Mesopotamia around 3500-3000 BCE
cuneiform
discovered and deciphered in the late 19th century CE, they would literally transform human understanding of history. Prior to their discovery, the Bible was considered the oldest and most
authoritative book in the world.
cuneiform tablets of Mesopotamia
- It is considered the first true city in the world,
- the origin of writing,
- the first example of architectural work,
- the origin of the ziggurat
- first city to develop the cylinder
seal
uruk city
the ancient Mesopotamians used this to designate personal property or as a signature on documents.
cylinder seal
the Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river, which they mix with reeds, producing sun -baked bricks – a true engineering feat
uruk city
Pyramidal stepped temple
tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia (now mainly in Iraq) from approximately 2200 until 500 BCE.
it was always built with a core of mud brick and an exterior covered with baked brick.
the great ziggurat of uruk city
- flourished from approximately 1900 to 539 BC in the central and southern regions of Mesopotamia.
- The original dwellers of Mesopotamia (Sumerian and Akkadians) were incorporated after the invasion of dynastic kings.
- became rich centers of learning, especially in the areas of astronomy (including the division of the night sky into a zodiac of constellations),
mathematics, and medicine.
Babylonian civilization
The inscribed calculation methods on clay tablets shows multiplication table, addition,
subtraction, sexagesimal, and also fractions. Additionally, they even use the “Pythagorean Theorem” long before it was known. Babylonian science was all
practical and always used for the good of the state.
They also used math to produce sage equipment and other facets of warfare.
Babylonian math
played a subordinate role in mathematics for quite some
time in Babylonian history. After several dynasties, ___ became more important and associated with religion which led to begin mapping out constellations, dividing thirty-six into three circles represented by the gods Anu, Ellil, and Ea. Planets were associated with different deities and ziggurats in the city which became temples, scribal schools, and celestial observatories.
For the Babylonians, it consisted of making temporal predictions and decisions based on the movements of the celestial bodies. After observing the planets and stars, Babylonian scientists would suggest to the king such things as when and where to plant crops, when to pursue diplomacy, and when to go to war
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY
Babylonians were able to create calendars that were more accurate than those produced by their contemporaries because their calendrical observations were aided by advances in
astronomy and math, which helped to iron out potential problems.
babylonian calendar
studying the stars
astronomy
This means Babylonian calendar was based on both the Moon (lunar) and the Sun (solar).
lunisolar system
A month began when a new crescent moon was seen in the sky.
12 lunar months
Each month had 29 or 30 days (depending on the moon cycle).
month length
Since 12 months only made 352 days (shorter than a solar year), they added an extra month every 3 years or so to keep their calendar aligned with the seasons.
leap month
They divided the months into weeks, and each week had 7 days (which influenced the modern calendar).
7-day week
Each day had:
24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
(This system is still used today)
time system
accurate that it helped Greek and Jewish scholars predict eclipses (when the Sun or Moon gets blocked).
Babylonian calendar
one of the most fascinating civilizations in history. It is known for its mysteries, especially about its religion, pyramids, and monuments.
Egyptian Civilization
This river provided water and fertile soil, allowing the Egyptians to develop advanced agriculture.
nile river
they built massive pyramids, temples, and the Sphinx, which are still admired today.
architecture
Egyptians believed that both the body and soul were important in life and after death.
religion and after life
They preserved dead bodies through mummification to help the soul return to the body in the afterlife.
Mummification & Tombs
they buried the dead with food, tools, treasures, and daily items to help them live comfortably in the afterlife.
burial items
the only surviving wonder of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Great Pyramid of Giza
A land full of mysteries, no other civilization has captivated both scholars and ordinary people alike. Its origins, religion, and massive structures—colossal temples, towering pyramids, and the mighty Sphinx—remain shrouded in mystery.
ancient egypt
stand as the most renowned of all ancient monuments, the last surviving wonder of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
egyptian pyramids
stocked with food, tools, household goods, treasures
tombs
The Egyptians were among the
first to formally divide their days into parts resembling
hours. The Obelisk, sundial, and Clepsydra are the
devices that they used to tell the time of the day.
Egyptian clocks
uses the light from the sun
creating shadows.
obelisk and sundial
uses the gradual flow of water to tell time.
water clock
clepsydra
Egyptians figured out how to extract copper,
iron, bronze from mines and many others but their greatest was
gold. Mines supplied thousands of jobs for the people and gods
were created based on the metals. These metals were then
melted down and put into casts to create the many figurines
and extravagant gold creations that they are known for. They
also used similar techniques to make glass, which was very
important in daily life.
metallurgy
has been worn traditionally since the Protodynastic
Period of Egypt (ca. 3100 BCE) by
Egyptian queens and noble women,
who used stibnite (the sulfide of antimony rather than of lead).
kohl
a plant (Cyperus papyrus) which once grew in abundance, primarily in the wilds of the Egyptian Delta but also elsewhere in the Nile River Valley but is now quite rare. Besides writing, it was used as a food source, to make rope, for sandals, as window shades, material for toys such as dolls, as amulets to ward
off throat diseases, & even to make small fishing boats
aper or papyrus
was originally used as protec-
tion against eye ailments. There was also a belief that darkening
around the eyes would protect one from the harsh rays of the sun
kohl
The Egyptians were among the first to use -_____, not just for beauty but also for health and protection.
cosmetics
system that employs characters in the form of pictures.
Those individual signs, called hieroglyphs, may be read either as pictures, as symbols for pictures, or as symbols for sounds
heiroglyphic writing
Numerous scientific and technological advances were
accomplished
philosophers started to
adopt new perspectives on the world. They developed hypotheses about how the universe operated and believed that the natural world adhered to a set of rules that could be observed and understood via research
greek civilizaion
helped with the production of rice,
beans, and cereals.
agricultural processes
less effort and time
water mill
one of the most utilized gadgets that was invented by the ancient Greeks.
first made with the dripping of water, causing a rock to fall onto a gong at a set time.
Although during that time did not
resemble the present-day, the purpose was just the
same- to tell an individual when to stop and when to start.
alarm clock
they created doctor to patient
confidentiality, and they also started to notice that diseases were curable (Ancient History Lists). Some of the diseases included leprosy, diabetes, anemia, and plague (Ancient Greece Mythology Diseases)
earliest practice of medicine
Greeks were avid students of the natural world, which included studying living things. The History of Animals is a book that Aristotle composed after conducting extensive research on animals. He had a long-lasting impact on
zoologists by categorizing animals based on their many traits.
Aristotle’s work was carried on by other Greek scientists who
studied and classified plants
biology
The Greeks invented the this to help lift heavy items such as blocks for constructing buildings
crane
As they did in other areas like combat, art, and theater, they incorporated older Greek science for their own goals, assessing it, and then adopting or rejecting what was most helpful. The practical contributions made to the development of disciplines
like architecture, engineering, and medicine, which were supported by advancements in sciences like geometry, physics, and biology, the traditional historical perspective that ___ had no noteworthy sciences of their own has been reevaluated.
roman civilization
Latin for block of wood, book; plural codices
modern book
used for manuscripts
was a Roman
invention that replaced the scroll
(Links to an external site.), which was
the first book form in all Eurasian
cultures.
codex
a book in the format used for modern books, with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover.
bound books (orcodex)
The Flavian Amphitheatre is one of Rome’s most famous buildings and enduring monuments to the culture of the ancient Romans. Romans were famous for their advancement in architecture and
engineering. Before the Romans, the most commonly used
building style was the post and lintel. This way of building
was of course limited in the weight it could carry and
therefore the span between the supports. The Romans
changed all this and advanced this by introducing new
methods of architecture; The Columns and The Arches.
With these methods the romans were able to construct
bigger temples and buildings than ever before
the colosseum
