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REPD 372 > Module 2: Gametogenesis and Hormone Regulation > Flashcards

Module 2: Gametogenesis and Hormone Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Gametogenesis

A

-process by which gametes are produced in sexually reproducing organisms

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2
Q

What does gametogenesis ensure

A

-that the gametes are haploid
-the gametes acquire the specialized characteristics that will allow them to fuse successfully via fertilization

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3
Q

Steps of gamete formation

A

-mitotic division
-meiotic division
-maturation

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis steps

A

-mitotic proliferation
-meiosis I
-meiosis II
-maturation

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5
Q

2 types of daughter cells

A

-type A
-type B

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6
Q

Type A daughter cells

A

-will continue to replenish the spermatogonial pool

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7
Q

Type B daughter cells

A

-will divide by mitosis to produce identical primary spermatocytes which enter a resting phase in preparation for meiosis I

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8
Q

Where are spermatogonia located

A

-closest to the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules in outermost layer

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9
Q

Where are daughter cells located

A

-move towards the surface of the epithelium to reach the lumen of the tubule

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10
Q

Where are the spermatozoa

A

-once mature they are released into the lumen of the tubule to be transported out of the testis towards epididymis or maturation and storage

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11
Q

Spermatogenesis waves

A

-within seminiferous tubules, the local course of spermatogenesis occurs in a wave like pattern

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12
Q

How do the waves move in spermatogenesis

A

-move in spirals towards the inner part of the lumen
-at the end of the spiral, the fully developed spermatogonia are in the lumen and as they mature they move along the tubule to give way to new cells

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13
Q

How long does the process of spermatogenesis waves take

A

-64-70 days

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14
Q

Supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules

A

-leydig cells
-sertoli cells

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15
Q

Leydig cells location

A

-intertubular regions of the testis

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16
Q

Leydig cells function

A

-responsible for testosterone production

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17
Q

Sertoli cells function

A

-provide structural and nutritional support to developing sperm cells until they mature

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18
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

-regulates the passage of substances from the circulation into the lumen of seminiferous

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19
Q

Basal compartment of the blood-testis barrier

A

-the area below the blood-testis barrier

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20
Q

Apical compartment of the blood-testis barrier

A

-the area above the blood-testis barrier

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21
Q

Immune privileged environment

A

-meiotic and post meiotic cells develop after the body has established immune tolerance and thus could be recognized as foreign by immune system
-seminiferous tubules are thought to actively exclude immune cells and other factors from entering, mostly from the blood-testis border

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22
Q

Parts of a mature sperm cell

A

-acrosome
-head
-midpiece
-tail
-end piece

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23
Q

Acrosome

A

-structure that contains hydrolytic enzymes that the sperm cell will use to enter the egg

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24
Q

Head of sperm

A

-contains DNA and acrosome

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25
Q

Midpiece of sperm

A

-contains all of the mitochondria, which create energy used by the tail

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26
Q

Tail of sperm

A

-typical flagellum

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27
Q

End piece of sperm

A

-last portion of sperm tail

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28
Q

Teratozoospermia

A

-sperm with abnormal morphology

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29
Q

Examples of how teratozoospermia can happen

A

-cryptorchildism
-varioceles
-genetic disorders

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30
Q

Varioceles

A

-enlargement of veins within scrotum

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31
Q

Steps of oogenesis

A

-mitotic division
-meiosis I
-meiosis II

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32
Q

Oogenesis mitotic division

A

-produces primary oocytes

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33
Q

Oogenesis meiosis I

A

-dormant primary oocyte will complete meiosis I to produce haploid secondary oocyte

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34
Q

Oogenesis meiosis II

A

-secondary oocyte becomes fertilized to produce ootid
-ootid becomes a mature ovum

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35
Q

Improper formation of polar bodies

A

-oocytes with a polar body that has been improperly formed are significantly less likely to fertilize
-embryos that do form from them end up having significantly impaired growth

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36
Q

Structure of the ovum

A

-corona radiata
-zona pellucida
-vitelline membrane
-ooplasm
-germinal vesicle
-germinal spot

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37
Q

Corona radiata

A

-layer of cells around oocyte that will be released with it during ovulation
-provides vital proteins

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38
Q

Zona pellucida

A

-hard shell
-binds to head of spermatozoa and helps initiate acrosome reaction

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39
Q

Vitelline membrane

A

-outer portion of cell membrane

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40
Q

Ooplasm

A

-yolk of the egg cell
-contains mitochondria

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41
Q

Germinal vesicle

A

-nucleus of cell
-contains all genetic material

42
Q

Germinal spot

A

-nuclueolus of ovum

43
Q

Timing of oogenesis steps

A

-fetal period
-childhood
-adulthood

44
Q

Fetal period oogenesis

A

-oogonia proliferate and mature into primary oocytes, large portion of which undergo apoptosis
-leaving about 2 million oocytes arrested in prophase I

45
Q

Childhood

A

-arrested primary oocytes have been surrounded by somatic cells becoming follicles which will remain dormant until puberty
-a lot of them will undergo cell death, leaving about 40 000

46
Q

Adulthood

A

-influence of hormones at puberty
-arrested primary oocytes resume maturation following a monthly cycle

47
Q

Age and risk of aneuploidy

A

-the human oocyte can remain in prophase I for several decades
-there may be a risk of segregation errors in older eggs

48
Q

Ovarian follicles function

A

-produce the sex hormones that promote oogenesis and regulate pregnancy when fertilization is successful

49
Q

Cells of the ovarian follicles

A

-theca cells
-granulosa cells

50
Q

Theca cells

A

-surround the follicle
-produce the precursors required by granulosa cells to produce progesterone and estrogen

51
Q

Granulosa cells

A

-produce estrogen and progesterone

52
Q

Follicular phase

A

-occurs within ovarian follicles
-follicular phase ends with ovulation, the moment when a single secondary oocyte is released

53
Q

Luteal phase

A

-changes which occur after ovulation to the empty follicle
-after ovulation the follicle briefly becomes the corpus hemorrgaicum and then the corpus luteum

54
Q

Corpus luteum

A

-produces progesterone to prepare body for pregnancy, if fertilization does not occur, it degenerates, becoming the corpus albicans

55
Q

Folliculogenesis steps

A

-primordial follicle
-primary follicle
-secondary follicle
-tertiary (graafian) follicle

56
Q

Primordial follicle

A

-dormant follicles we are born with
-contain primary oocyte surrounded by singular layer of flattened granulosa cells

57
Q

Primary follicle

A

-granulosa becomes cuboidal
-oocyte forms zona pellucida

58
Q

Secondary follicle

A

-forms as granulosa cells multiply and theca cells are recruited to surround outermost layer

59
Q

Tertiary (graafian) follicle

A

-granulosa and theca cells multiply and follicle grows in diameter

60
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

-describes the changes that occur in the ovary

61
Q

Uterine cycle

A

-describes the preparation and maintenance of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

62
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

-the ovarian and uterine cycle combined

63
Q

The HPG axis

A

-major signalling pathway between hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads
-regulates production of specific hormones that direct function of reproductive system

64
Q

Hormones of the HPG axis

A

-gonadotropin releasing hormone
-lutenizing hormone
-follicle-stimulating hormone

65
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

-at around age 10-12, these hormones neurons in the hypothalamus receive a signal to start producing GnRH

66
Q

What does GnRH induce

A

-the release of gonadotropins

67
Q

Lutenizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

A

-once GnRH is released, it travels towards the anterior pituitary and binds secretory cells, causing them to produce gonadotropins

68
Q

Hormonal effects of HPG axis

A

-LH and FSH are released by pituitary gland in bloodstream and go on to produce different effects in each sex

69
Q

HPG axis in males function

A

-mainly involved in the regulation of testosterone production and process of spermatogenesis

70
Q

HPG axis in females function

A

-mainly involved in regulation of menstrual cycle

71
Q

Regulation of HPG axis

A

-GnRH is released in a pulsatile manner
-frequency and size of pulses determine the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins

72
Q

GnRH pulses in males

A

-relatively constant frequency throughout the day

73
Q

GnRH pulses in females

A

-frequency of pulses depends on stage of menstrual cycle

74
Q

Inhibin

A

-protein secreted by granulosa (female) and sertoli (male) cells in response to FSH accumulation

75
Q

Major action of inhibin

A

-negative feedback control of pituitary FSH secretion

76
Q

Hormones of the follicular phase

A

-FSH
-LH
-estrogen

77
Q

FSH phase

A

-FSH levels continue to rise from the last few days of the previous menstrual cycle and peak during the first week of follicular phase
-stimulates 5-7 primary oocytes to begin maturation

78
Q

LH phase

A

-before LH levels rise, 1-2 follicles emerge as dominant
-Lh binds to receptors on theca cells to induce production of estrogen precursors which emerge to granulosa cells
-granulosa cells begin to produce estrogen

79
Q

Estrogen phase

A

-estrogen secretion of dominant follicle leads to slight decrease in LH and FSH levels causing death of other follicles
-therefore only one follicle will prevail and reach maturity

80
Q

Hormones of the ovulatory phase

A

-estrogen
-LH

81
Q

Estrogen in the ovulatory phase

A

-continues to rise as follicle matures and exerts a positive feedback action to cause a surge of LH production

82
Q

Lh in the ovulatory phase

A

-makes the mature follicle finally rupture

83
Q

Luteal phase

A

-FSH and LH now cause the empty follicle to transform into corpus luteum

84
Q

What does progesterone effect

A

-the uterine lining and makes it receptive to implantation

85
Q

What does the corpus luteum become when it degenerates

A

-corpus albicans

86
Q

The uterine cycle phases

A

-menses
-proliferative phase
-secretory phase

87
Q

Menses of uterine cycle

A

-stage where cycle restarts
-the uterine lining is shed due to release of prostaglandins

88
Q

Proliferative phase of uterine cycle

A

-endometrium consists of only a few layers of cells and is less than 1 mm thick
-estrogen secretion increases due to newly developing follicle which causes the repair and growth of the endometrium to 3-5 mm

89
Q

Secretory phase of uterine cycle

A

-this is when the uterine endometrium is receptive to implantation and coincides with the luteal phase
-progesterone increases the blood supply to the uterine lining and reduces the contractility of smooth muscle in the uterus lining

90
Q

Hormones in the male cycle

A

-LH
-FSH

91
Q

LH in the male cycle

A

-enters the testes and stimulates the interstitial leydig cells to make and release testosterone into the testes and the blood

92
Q

FSH in the male cycle

A

-enters testes and stimulates sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein (ABP) and inhibin

93
Q

Androgen binding protein (ABP)

A

-protein that specifically binds testosterone to help concentrate it in the luminal fluid of the seminiferous tubules

94
Q

How is the male hormonal cycle regulated

A

-via the negative feedback system
-rising levels of testosterone and inhibin act on the hypothalamus and pituitary

95
Q

HPG axis disorders

A

-disruptions in normal sex hormones and metabolism

96
Q

Types of hormonal imbalances in males

A

-hypogonadism
-gynecomastia

97
Q

Hypogonadism

A

-decreases production of gonadal hormones
-impaired function of gonads and sexual growth
-the body does not produce enough testosterone

98
Q

Gynecomastia

A

-excessive development of the male breasts that can be caused by a variety of endocrine disorders

99
Q

Types of hormonal imbalances in females

A

-hyperandrogenism
-polycystic ovarian syndrome

100
Q

Hyperandrogenism

A

-excessive secretion of androgens by adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testis

101
Q

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

A

-results in infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods and development of small collections of fluid in the ovaries leading to failure of egg release

REPD 372 (6 decks)

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