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REPD 372 > Module 1: Development of the Human Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 1: Development of the Human Reproductive System Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Basic components of the reproductive system

A

-gametes
-gonads
-reproductive ducts
-external sex organs

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2
Q

Haploid cells

A

-after gametogenesis resulting haploid will only contain one sex chromosome

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3
Q

The SRY gene

A

-presence of this gene will determine the process of gonadal differentiation
-found on the y chromosome

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4
Q

SRY in males

A

-present
-activates genes present required for development of testes at week 7

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5
Q

SRY in females

A

-not present
-different genes are expressed that lead to development of oogonia and ovaries

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6
Q

Intersex disorders

A

-cause physiological variations in sexual characteristics that do not fit the typical definition of female or male

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7
Q

Turner syndrome

A

-condition in which female is partially or completely missing one of her X chromosomes
-causes non-functioning ovaries, heart defects, hormonal imbalances and impaired skeletal development

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8
Q

Sex linked disorders

A

-caused by genetic abnormalities inherited through sec chromosomes only
-do not necessarily affect sexual characteristics of individual

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9
Q

Example of sex linked disorders

A

-color blindness

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10
Q

Early blastocyst

A

-inner layer is embryoblast
-outer layer is trophoblast

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11
Q

Late blastocyst

A

-embryoblast differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast

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12
Q

Gastrulation

A

-the embryo differentiates into 3 germ layers

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13
Q

3 germ layers of trilaminar disc

A

-ectoderm
-mesoderm
endoderm

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14
Q

What layer forms the reproductive system

A

-mesoderm

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15
Q

What weeks does embryonic folding take place

A

-weeks 3 and 4

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16
Q

Gonadal ridge appearance weeks

A

-4

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17
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

-earliest cells associated with emergence of gonads

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18
Q

Primary sex cords

A

-finger like tissue projections formed from gonadal rudges

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19
Q

When do primary sex cords begin to form primitive testes

A

-weeks 7-8

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20
Q

Testosterone

A

-directs the development of male reproductive ducts

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21
Q

DHT

A

-synthesized from testosterone and will direct the development of external male genitalia

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22
Q

When does descent of the testes begin

A

-month 3

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23
Q

When does gubernaculum develop

A

-week 7

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24
Q

Gubernaculum function

A

-between week 7-12 it shortens to pull testes towards future location in labioscrotal swelling

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25
Female gonad development
-in absence of SRY the primary sex cords degenerate and cortical sex cords begin to develop -cortical cords eventually form ovarian follicles
26
What does gubernaculum go on to form in women
-round ligament of uterus
27
Migration abnormalities
-inguinal hernias -undescended testes -cryptorchidism
28
Why are males more prone to inguinal hernias than females
-when testes descend they create a gap in abdominal muscle after birth
29
Cryptorchidism
-occurs when one or both testes fail to complete their migration toward the scrotum
30
How do the male and female ducts develop
-wolffian ducts -mullerian ducts
31
Where do wolffian and mullerian ducts originate
-intermediate mesoderm
32
Mullerian duct regression in males
-testosterone and AMH cause them to regress by week 8
33
What do wolffian ducts form in males
-ejaculatory ducts -seminal vesicles -vas deferens -epididymis
34
Wolffian duct regression in females
-regress by week 10 of development
35
What do mullerian ducts form in females
-fallopian tubes -uterus -upper portion of vagina
36
External genitalia development males
-cloacal folds form by week 5 -cloacal folds differentiate into urogenital and anal folds by week 7 -exposure to DHT results in growth of genital tubercle and genital swellings by week 10 -genital tubercle continues to grow to form phallus, and urogenital folds fuse to form scrotum
37
External genitalia development females
-cloacal folds form by week 5 -cloacal folds differentiate into urogenital and anal folds by week 7 -minimal growth of genital tubercle and swellings by week 10 -genital tubercle develops into clitoris, urogenital folds do not fuse and give rise to labia majora and minora
38
Disorders of sex development
-xx male syndrome -5-alpha-reductase deficiency -androgen insensitivity syndrome
39
XX male syndrome
-genetic females with 2 x chromosomes that develop male reproductive structures
40
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
-genetic males with abnormal development of external sex organs
41
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
-genetic males with x-linked recessive mutation leading to insensitivity to androgens
42
Penile tissues
-2 corpora cavernosa -1 corpus spongiosum
43
Corpora cavernosa
-lie next to eachother on dorsal side
44
Corpus spongiosum
-lies between corpora cavernosa on ventral side
45
Tunica albuginea of the penis
-tough layer of connective tissue
46
Glans of penis
-bulbous end of penis formed by corpus spongiosum and supports foreskin
47
Penile fracture
-no bone but can still break -involves rupture of the tunica albuginea
48
The scrotum
-dual-chambered suspended sac of skin and smooth muscle that contains the testes
49
Layers of the scrotal sac
-scrotal skin -daros fascia and muscle -external spermatic fascia -cremaster muscle -internal spermatic fascia -tunica vaginalis -tunica albuginea
50
Scrotal skin
-outer layer of penis
51
Dartos fascia and muscle
-layer of fascia and smooth muscle that carries blood supply from skin -helps regulate temp
52
External spermatic fascia
-thin layer of fascia
53
Cremaster muscle
-layer of smooth muscle that carries blood and nerve supply to the testes and is responsible for cremasteric reflex of scrotum
54
Internal spermatic fascia
-thin layer of fascia
55
Tunica vaginalis
-serous layer that covers testis and continous with surface of testis and internal surface of scrotum
56
Tunica albuginea
-innermost layer covering the testes
57
Seminiferous tubules function
-site of spermatogenesis
58
Cells of the seminiferous tubules
-spermatogonial cells -sertoli cells -leydig cells
59
Spermatogonia cells
-cells that become mature sperm
60
Sertoli cells
-facilitate process of sperm maturation
61
Leydig cells
-in between seminiferous tubules produce and secrete testosterone
62
Male genital ducts
-seminiferous tubules -rete testis -efferent ducts -epididymis -vas deferens
63
Seminiferous tubules types
-convoluted (lateral side) -straight (medial side)
64
Rete testis
-network of tubes where sperm are mixed and some fluid are reabsorbed -exits into efferent ducts
65
Efferent ducts
-sperm are further concentrated via reabsorption of fluids -connect with initial section of epididymis
66
Epididymis
-where sperm mature
67
Vas deferens
-move here after epididymis to be transported to ejaculatory ducts -empty into urethra for expulsion
68
Vasectomy
-procedure where vas deferens are permanently cut
69
Genital (accessory) glands
-seminal vesicles -prostate gland -bulbourethral glands
70
Seminal vesicles
-produce molecules such as fructose and serve as energy sources for sperm
71
Prostate gland
-additional fluid for nourishment and sperm motility
72
Bulbourethral glands
-produces fluid that lubricates urethra and nuetralizes acidity associated with residual urine
73
Suspensory ligaments
-tether the ovaries to the body wall
74
Structures of the ovaries
-germinal epithelium -tunica albuginea -ovarian cortex -ovarian medulla
75
Germinal epithelium of ovary
-outermost layer
76
Tunica albuginea of ovary
-fibrous layer of connective tissue that protects inner structures
77
Ovarian cortex
-contains supporting connective tissue and ovarian follicles -site of oocyte production
78
Ovarian medulla
-vascular tissue that supports ovary
79
Ovarian hormones
-estrogen -progesterone
80
Estrogen
-responsible for appearance of secondary sex characteristics in females
81
Progesterone
-functions with estrogen by promoting menstrual cycle changes in uterus and by helping sustain pregnancy
82
Layers of the uterus
-endometrium -myometrium -perimetrium
83
Endometrium
-inner layer -responsible for implantation of embryo -and for changes seen during menstrual cycle
84
Myometrium
-middle layer -provides support during distension caused by pregnancy and facilitates contractions
85
Perimetrium
-outer layer
86
Uterine fibroids
-benign growths within myometrium -growth is stimulated by estrogen so usually regress after menopause
87
Uterine fibroids symptoms
-abdominal pain -excessive bleeding -tissue necrosis
88
Parts of the fallopian tubes
-infundibulum -ampulla -isthmus
89
Infundibulum
-associated with fimbrae near ovary
90
Ampulla of fallopian tube
-major portion of lateral tube where fertilization takes place
91
Isthmus of fallopian tube
-narrower part of tube that links to uterus
92
Epithelium of fallopian tubes
-ciliated cells -peg cells
93
Ciliated cells
-predominate throughout tube -estrogen increases production of cilia on these cells
94
Peg cells
-interspersed between ciliated cells -produce tubular fluid that contains nutrients for spermatozoa, oocytes and zygotes
95
2 primary functions of the vagina
-sex -childbirth
96
Parts of the vulva
-mons pubis -labia -urinary orifice -clitoris -vaginal orifice
97
Mons pubis
-pubic region directly in front of pubic bone
98
Labia
-majora and minora -folds of skin that cover and protect delicate structures
99
Urinary orifice
-external opening of urethra
100
Clitoris
-structurally homologous to penis -highly innervated
101
Vaginal orifice
-external opening to vagina
102
Additional vaginal glands
-bartholins glands -skenes glands
103
Bartholins glands
-pair of secretory glands located to the left and right of vaginal opening which secrete mucus for lubrication -homologous to bulbourethral glands
104
Skenes glands
-pair of secretory glands which open to the left and right side of urethral orifice -during arousal they secrete fluid
105
Mammary glands
-organ in female mammals that produce milk
106
Lobules of breast
-15-20 in each breast -each of which contain alveolar glands and a lactiferous duct

REPD 372 (6 decks)

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