MODULE 2 - GABBY

Question 1

is about concepts of right and wrong behaviour

Answer 1

Ethics

Question 2

an act is in accordance with the law

Answer 2

Legality

Question 3

T or F
Some actions may be legal but in some people’s opinion not ethical

Answer 3

T

Question 4

are external factors which refer to how the law affects the way businesses operate and customers behave.

Answer 4

Legal Factors

Question 5

examples of things which may be influenced by legal factors.

Answer 5

-Product transportation
-profit margins
-viability of certain markets

Question 6

How Do Legal Factors Affect Business?

Answer 6

Legal factors can decide whether or not there is a business behind selling a certain product (perhaps drugs, or sharp objects), and can also affect the mechanisms through which a company stocks their inventory or interacts with the customer.

Question 7

General examples of Legal Factors affecting business:

Answer 7

• Consumer law
• Discrimination law
• Copyright law
• Health and Safety law
• Employment law
• Fraud law
• Pyramid scheme legality
• Import/Export law

Question 8

One of the trends in information systems is achieving competitive advantage through the use of

Answer 8

information systems

Question 9

Businesses may gain huge competitive advantage through the use of information systems once they

Answer 9

align their IT with the business objectives.

Question 10

refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behaviors.

Answer 10

Ethics

Question 11

The ethical issues also includes:

Answer 11

 accuracy of the information
 accessibility of information
 ownership of the information
 IT employees occupational health and safety, quality of life

Question 12

five moral dimensions:

Answer 12

information rights and obligations
property rights and obligations
system quality
quality of life
and accountability and control.

Question 13

Information rights and obligations.

Answer 13

What information rights do individuals and organizations possess with respect to information about themselves? What can they protect? What obligations do individuals and organizations have concerning this information?

Question 14

• Property rights and obligations.

Answer 14

How will traditional intellectual property rights be protected in a digital society in which tracing and accounting for ownership are difficult and ignoring such property rights is so easy?

Question 15

• Accountability and control.

Answer 15

Who can and will be held accountable and liable for the harm done to individual and collective information and property rights?

Question 16

• System quality

Answer 16

. What standards of data and system quality should we demand to protect individual rights and the safety of society?

Question 17

• Quality of life.

Answer 17

What values should be preserved in an information-and knowledge-based society? Which institutions should we protect from violation? Which cultural values and practices are supported by the new information technology?

Question 18

Ethical standards in handling Information

Answer 18

1. Transparency
2. Fairness
3. Respect

Question 19

User consent should not be used to obscure or excuse poor practice. If what you are doing with data would come as an unwelcome surprise to your customers or users, you should probably not be doing it. At the very least, you should be clear about what you are doing.

Answer 19

Transparency

Question 20

Transparency means:

Answer 20

Transparent

Demonstrations

Joining or initiating credible certification schemes for ethical data handling.

You should also be able to explain why you are doing what you do.

Question 21

means considering the data-impact of the product or services on users and stakeholders and the possible effects of failure or misuse, so that the result is a fair balance between everyone’s interests.

means extending the cost benefit analysis to the interests of everyone affected.

Answer 21

Fairness

Question 22

Fairness means:

Answer 22

Not using personal data for unfair discrimination, especially sensitive characteristics such as race, disability, sexual orientation, religion or political beliefs.

Respecting the context in which data is collected and not using the data out of context, or in ways the person would not expect or consent to;

Ensuring the data you hold about people is correct, and that it is collected, processed and, if necessary, shared on fair terms that they can reasonably understand.

Question 24

means addressing the wishes, interests and expectations of people affected by your use of data, and treating them as a person rather than as a means to an end.

Answer 24

Respect

Question 25

Treating data with respect means acting as the custodian or steward of other people’s data, and protecting it on their behalf. This means…

Answer 25

elevating their interests in the collection, use and sharing of data.

Question 26

Respect may mean:

Answer 26

 Excluding some third parties – such as advertisers or data-brokers – from the business model, or making it clear to people when what they think of as private interactions on social media platforms, for example, are observed and used by others;
 Showing consideration for users’ limited time and attention, and not taking advantage of it to slip a long, unfavourable set of terms and conditions past them;
 Conducting due diligence on your use of data throughout its lifecycle, remaining accountable for it and ensuring people do not face worse terms and conditions as the result of the merging of services or companies;
 Promoting internal education and training in value-based design, continuous improvement processes, and the application of quality management disciplines to ethical data handling;
 Building the operational culture on a foundation of these principles, to ensure that people handling data apply ethical data handling practices to its use.

Question 27

Recommendations to policy makers

Answer 27

Strengthen the incentives for better practice:
Use the full range of applicable policy, legal and regulatory options

Question 28

Strengthen the incentives for better practice:

Answer 28

• Include responsible data-handling criteria in government procurements: require suppliers/partners to show how they put transparency, fairness and respect into practice in their policies, procedures, processes and products;
• Provide a framework for certification schemes;
• Stimulate the market for audit, and ensure penalties can be applied for bad practice;
• Allow good practice to play a role in determining terms of insurance.

Question 29

Use the full range of applicable policy, legal and regulatory options, including:

Answer 29

• Current and strengthened privacy and data protection laws;
• Consumer protection and competition laws;
• Programmes for education and awareness-raising;
• Removing barriers to effective enforcement;
• Increasing accountability through a “polluter pays” principle, so that the costs of bad practice are borne by the originator rather than the individual.

Question 30

Recommendations for data handlers (across the public/private sectors and civil society)

Answer 30

• Be custodians of data, on the individual’s behalf and in their interests.
• Adopt a principle of “no surprises”[3]:
• Provide clear and relevant information to users, with simple controls and minimal collection by default;
• Be transparent about what data you collect, and how you use and share it;
  o Do not use personal data out of context, or for purposes the individual would not expect or to which they have not consented;
• Do not use “consent” to excuse bad practice.
  o Make ethical considerations explicit in your development process, so that you can show why you made the design and implementation decisions you did.
• Consider how the costs, benefits, risks and impacts of your product or service are spread across all stakeholders, including non-user stakeholders: are you giving rise to risk and cost that will be borne by others?
  o Respect the individual’s interests, time and attention.
  o Build an operational culture of transparency, fairness and respect:
• In your business/operational plan, include the enabling and sustaining measures to maintain and strengthen that culture.