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AS Biology F212 > Module 2 - Food And Health > Flashcards

Module 2 - Food And Health Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Mass in kg divided by the height in meters squared

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2
Q

What is coronary heard disease? How does diet effect chances of coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the result of fatty deposits building up in the walls of the arteries. This narrows the size of the lumen and restricts blood flow.

  • high levels of salt causes blood pressure to increase and damages the lining of arteries.
  • high blood cholesterol increases the intake of saturated fats
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3
Q

What form is cholesterol moved around the blood?

A

Lipoproteins

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4
Q

What are HDL?

A

HDL stands for high density lipoproteins. These contain unsaturated fats, cholesterol and proteins. Carries cholesterol from tissues to liver - they bind to liver cells and the cholesterol is broken down. This is GOOD as it reduces the blood cholesterol.

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5
Q

What are LDL?

A

LDL stands for low density lipoproteins. They contain saturated fats. They damage the endothelium. They carry cholesterol from the liver to the tissues, binding to tissue cells and causing fatty deposits. this is BAD.

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6
Q

How do we make food production more efficient?

A

Selective breeding. For example, isolation for animals (selecting animals with desirable characteristics and allowing them to reproduce) and artificial selection for plants (eg disease resistance)

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7
Q

How do fertilisers/pesticides and antibiotics increase food production?

A

Fertilisers contain minerals that increase rate of growth for crops. Pesticides kill organisms that cause disease in crops.
Antibiotics reduce the spread of disease in animals.

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8
Q

5 methods of preventing food spoilage:

A

1) salting and coating in sugar (lack of water by osmosis)
2) pickling (acid pH kills organisms by denaturing enzymes)
3) freezing (does not kill but inhibits enzyme activity so growth is very slow)
4) heat treatment (denatures enzymes and kills microorganisms)
5) irradiation (destroys genetic material)

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9
Q

Advantages of using microorganisms to make food:

A

Increased rate of production
The protein contains no animal fats or cholesterol
less area/land used

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10
Q

What are disadvantages of using microorganisms in food production?

A
  • increases risk of infection because it is the ideal conditions for growth of pathogenic microbes
  • expensive: microorganisms need to be isolated from protein
  • less iron
  • loss of farming jobs
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11
Q

Define ‘health’

A

State of mental, physical and social well being

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12
Q

Define disease

A

Departure from good health caused by malfunctions of the mind/body

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13
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Organisms that live in or on another living thing (host). They harm the host by taking nutrition from it.

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14
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Organisms that cause disease

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15
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

They reproduce rapidly, damaging cells/releasing toxic products

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16
Q

How do virus’ cause disease?

A

They invade cells and rapidly reproduce. Host cells burst, releasing the new virus’.

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17
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

Malaria is transmitted by a vector. The female mosquito carries the plasmodium from an infected person to an uninfected person.

1) gametes of plasmodium in infected blood
2) the female anopheles mosquito sucks blood
3) the plasmodium moves to mosquito’s salivary glands
4) uninfected person is bitten

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18
Q

How does HIV/AIDS work?

A
  • virus enters the body and may remain inactive
  • once active, it destroys t helper cells
  • the ability to resist infection is reduced
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19
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Body fluids/sexual intercourse/placenta/breast feeding

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20
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

A

Droplet infection - inhaling tiny droplets that are released when an infected person coughs/sneezes. Poor ventilation and overcrowding increases chances of infection

21
Q

Define immune response

A

The specific response to an antigen involving the action of lymphocytes and antibodies

22
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecules that stimulate an immune response

23
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Protein molecules that can identify and neutralise antigens

24
Q

What are 2 primary defences?

A
  • SKIN: The keratinised layer of dead cells acts as an effective barrier to pathogens.
  • MUCUS MEMBRANES: goblet cells secrete mucus in the airway, trapping pathogens. The cilia wafts the mucus to the back of the throat where it is swallowed. The acidity of the stomach kills the pathogen.
25
Q

What is an example of a non specific response?

A

Phagocytosis:

1) the pathogen is attached to the phagocyte by surface receptors.
2) the pathogen is engulfed by the infolding of the phagocyte membrane
3) lysosomes release lysins which digest the pathogen
4) harmless end products are absorbed

26
Q

Draw an antibody and describe the features of it’s structure.

A

4 polypeptide chains held by disulphide bridges.
The constant region enables the antibody to attach to phagocytes
The variable region is complimentary to the antigen
Hinge region allows flexibility

27
Q

What two methods do antibodies employ?

A

1) neutralisation: antibodies cover the pathogen binding site, preventing the pathogen from binding to a host cell
2) agglutination: a large antibody binds many pathogens together. They can’t enter the host cell because they’re too large.

28
Q

Describe the concentration of antibodies after a person is infected the first time and the second time.

A

First infection: PRIMARY RESPONSE. it takes a few days for there to be enough bodies.
Second infection: SECONDARY RESPONSE. Rapid production of antibodies at a higher concentration.
(refer to notes for graph)

29
Q

What are examples of natural and artificial PASSIVE antibodies?

A

Natural PASSIVE: antibodies via placenta/breast milk.

Artificial PASSIVE: injection of antibodies made by another individual

30
Q

What are examples of natural and artificial ACTIVE antibodies?

A

Natural active - antibodies made by the immune system as a result of infection
Artificial active - vaccination

31
Q

Outline the process of vaccination

A
  • A person is injected with a weakened/dead pathogen
  • this activates the immune system and antibodies are made specific to antigens on pathogen
  • memory cells provide long term immunity
32
Q

What are two common vaccination techniques?

A

Herd vaccination - once enough people are immune, the disease can no longer spread
Ring vaccination - where a new case of disease is reported, all nearby people are vaccinated.

33
Q

Why do we vaccinate?

A

To prevent epidemics (eg threat of influenza) governments often immunise people at risk

34
Q

How are new drugs discovered?

A
  • accident (penicillin)
  • observation of wildlife
  • natural medicines
35
Q

Short term effects of smoking:

A
  • tar on the surface of the airway causes smooth muscle to contract, restricting air flow
  • tar destroys cilia so mucus can’t be moved
  • causes goblet cells to enlarge
36
Q

Long term effects of smoking:

A
  • smokers cough caused by failed attempts at removing mucus
  • the cough causes lining of airway to become damaged and replaced by scar tissue which is thicker and less flexible. The flow of air is permanently restricted.
37
Q

What is chronic bronchitis? What are the effects?

A
  • inflammation of airway lining
  • cilia cannot waft mucus
  • continuous coughing increases risk of infection
38
Q

What are three possible diseases caused by smoking?

A

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer

39
Q

What is emphysema? What are the effects?

A
  • loss of elasticity in alveoli, causing them to burst. Alveoli fall to recoil.
  • reduced surface area in lungs for gaseous exchange
  • blood is less well oxygenated (tired)
40
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Malnutrition is caused by an unbalanced diet.

40
Q

How does smoking cause lung cancer?

A

Tar contains carcinogens eg formaldehyde.
Enters lung cells and is in contact with DNA
Causes mutations and uncontrollable mitosis, resulting in a tumour being formed.

41
Q

What is an example of a carcinogen?

A

Formaldehyde

43
Q

What is the chemical that causes addiction in cigarettes? Why does it do this? What are the effects?

A

Nicotine. The smoker gets addicted to the feeling of being more alert/adrenaline by the stimulated synapses.
- platelets become sticky, causing blood clots.

44
Q

What is atherosclerosis? What are the effects?

A

Deposits are built up IN the wall of the artery. Plaque sticks out into lumen of artery, reducing blood flow. Walls are less elastic and hard.

45
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet contains all of the nutrients required in appropriate proportions

46
Q

What is the role of memory cells?

A

Recognise antigens on virus
Divide by mitosis to produce large numbers
Can make antibodies

47
Q

Why do vaccines for viruses have to be changed every year?

A

New strains are always arising, caused by random mutations. New strains have different antigens.

48
Q

Why are antibiotics not prescribed to treat viruses?

A

Antibiotics aren’t effective against viruses because viruses don’t have cell walls.

AS Biology F212 (3 decks)

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